400 Must-Have Words

for the TOEFL®

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400 Must-Have Words

for the TOEFL®

LYNN STAFFORD-YILMAZ

LAWRENCE J. ZWIER

MCGRAW-HILL

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DOI: 10.1036/0071467076

This book is dedicated to my late father, Richard J. Zwier,

an intelligent, unselfish man.

And to my dear friend Sepideh Farsai, who developed

a keen command of both the vocabulary and idioms

of English.

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Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

Nature

LESSON 1 Food Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

LESSON 2 Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

LESSON 3 Evolution and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

LESSON 4 Petroleum Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Science

LESSON 5 Time Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

LESSON 6 Ancient Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

LESSON 7 Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

LESSON 8 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Mind and Body

LESSON 9 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

LESSON 10 Spirituality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

LESSON 11 Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

LESSON 12 Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

LESSON 13 Ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

For more information about this title, click here

Society

LESSON 14 Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

LESSON 15 Social Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

LESSON 16 Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

LESSON 17 Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

LESSON 18 War and Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

LESSON 19 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Money

LESSON 20 Financial Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

LESSON 21 Wealth and Social Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

LESSON 22 Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

LESSON 23 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

LESSON 24 International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Government and Justice

LESSON 25 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

LESSON 26 A Reasonable Doubt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

LESSON 27 The Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

LESSON 28 Investigating Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

LESSON 29 Government Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

LESSON 30 Crimes at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

LESSON 31 The War on Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Relationships

LESSON 32 Family Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

LESSON 33 Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

viii Contents

LESSON 34 Passion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

LESSON 35 Negative Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Culture

LESSON 36 Social Rebels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

LESSON 37 Painting and Sculpture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

LESSON 38 The Written Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

LESSON 39 Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

LESSON 40 Risky Fashions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Contents ix

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Introduction

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL® will help you improve your score on

the TOEFL test. In particular, this book will build your TOEFL vocabulary

for the new Internet-based TOEFL of 2005.

This book is designed for ease of use as a self-study guide. Its chapters

were written for easy completion in one sitting—about 25 minutes. 400

Must-Have Words is also highly effective in the TOEFL-prep classroom.

Each chapter begins with a list of 10 target words. These words are

defined and used in sample sentences. Usage tips are given for many words,

as are any commonly used parts of speech related to the target word.

Following these definitions, the words are practiced in three exercises.

TOEFL Prep I and TOEFL Prep II give straightforward practice in a variety

of easy exercise styles.The last exercise,TOEFL Success, includes a TOEFLstyle

reading followed by one or two authentic TOEFL-style questions. Most

TOEFL Success readings incorporate all 10 target words, and most also

include an additional bonus structure. Each chapter ends with an answer key

so you can check your work.

As an extra feature, this book includes a special front section called “Six

Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL®.”These hints give general test-taking

advice for TOEFL success.

This book was written by ELT professionals who help prepare students

for the TOEFL test. Their selection of words for this book was based on

extensive experience with the TOEFL test, information about the corpus

(body of words) that is used in creating the actual TOEFL test, and TOEFL

materials published by ETS, the creators of the TOEFL test.

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL® is the best book on the market

to improve your vocabulary for the TOEFL test.

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL®

1. Try to understand a reading or lecture as a whole. Unlike earlier

versions of the TOEFL, the new version tests whether you can see

how ideas interact in a longer reading.

2. Take notes. Especially in the listening section, you will need notes

to remember what you have heard. Note-taking will also help you

concentrate.You can practice by taking notes of news stories, documentaries,

or lectures.

3. Study grammar in context, not by itself. Unlike earlier versions

of the TOEFL, the new version has no grammar section.Your

knowledge of grammar is useful in helping you understand the

readings and lectures, not in answering grammar-specific questions.

4. Practice writing essays that express your opinion on a topic.

The writing section of the 2005 TOEFL includes questions asking

for your opinion on various daily topics. These are timed.

Practice writing under a time limit, shaping your thoughts into

a well-rounded essay.

5. Build up your academic vocabulary.Your ability to comprehend

reading passages rests largely on your academic vocabulary. Build

your vocabulary by reading, making flash cards, and writing sentences

using new words in context. A strong vocabulary will help

you not only in your reading comprehension, but also in listening,

writing, and speaking.

6. Commit your attention to the test. Some of the topics covered in

the test may not actually interest you. Still, your focused energy

will improve your test score. Agree with yourself not to think

about other topics during the test. Force yourself to keep your attention

on the tested material.

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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400 Must-Have Words

for the TOEFL®

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Nature

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LESSON

Food Crops

Target Words

1. abandon 6. intensify

2. adversely 7. irrigation

3. aggregate 8. obtain

4. cultivation 9. photosynthesis

5. fertilize 10. precipitation

Definitions and Samples

1. abandon v. To leave; to give up

To save their lives, the sailors had to abandon the sinking ship.

Parts of speech abandonment n

2. adversely adv. In a harmful way; negatively

Excessive rainfall early in the spring can adversely affect the planting

of crops.

Usage tips Adversely is often followed by affect.

Parts of speech adversity n, adverse adj

3. aggregate adj. Gathered into or amounting to a whole

It is impossible to judge last year’s performance without knowing

the aggregate sales numbers.

Usage tips Aggregate is often followed by a term like sum, total, or

numbers.

Parts of speech aggregate v, aggregate n

1

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4. cultivation n. Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for

agricultural purposes

With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers

were able to settle in one place.

Parts of speech cultivate v

5. fertilize v. To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful

substances to the soil

This farm fertilizes tomatoes more than any other crop.

Parts of speech fertilizer n, fertilization n

6. intensify v. To increase in power; to act with increased strength

Jacob’s long absence intensified his certainty that he should marry

Rose.

Parts of speech intensification n, intense adj

7. irrigation n. The supplying of water to dry land

In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farmland

for irrigation.

Parts of speech irrigate v

8. obtain v. To gain possession of; to get

After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain

the job.

9. photosynthesis n. The process by which green plants make their

own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the presence

of light.

Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis.

Parts of speech photosynthesize v

10. precipitation n. Water that falls to the Earth’s surface

In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich,

green plant life.

4 Nature

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with

the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

abandoned precipitation cultivation fertilize photosynthesis

1. Through __________, green plants create organic materials with the

help of chlorophyll.

2. The coastal city gets half of its __________ during the months of January,

February, and March.

3. Farmers use various methods of land __________.

4. When they heard the hull crack, all but two of the sailors __________

ship.

5. Inexperienced gardeners may not realize how important it is that

they __________ their plants.

TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the

letter in the blank.

1. obtain (a) weaken

2. intensify (b) separate

3. irrigation (c) lose

4. aggregate (d) drainage

5. adversely (e) positively

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In countries like Niger and Mauritania, the cultivation of

land has changed little in the past several centuries.

Additionally, these countries’ mono-modal rainfall pattern

brings precipitation for only three months during the year.

As a result, food production doesn’t nearly meet demand.

Food Crops 5

Bonus Structure—

As a result means

“therefore,” “for

this reason.”

Several agencies and organizations have intensified their efforts to

increase the productivity of land in these countries.They have introduced

new strains of seed, improved irrigation techniques, and introduced new

methods of fertilization and soil management.With ample sunlight for

photosynthesis and modern irrigation techniques, sustainable farming

techniques should allow farmers to boost aggregate production in order

to meet demand.

Still, crop revitalization faces an unexpected adversary: institutional

incompetence.Where crop specialists have convinced individual farmers

to abandon old farming techniques in place of new, they can’t readily

obtain the governmental cooperation they need.The biggest hurdles are

political corruption, incompetence, and the absence of a marketing

infrastructure.

1. In this passage, the word adversary is closest in meaning to

a. friend

b. helper

c. enemy

d. leader

2. In the last paragraph, the word they refers to

a. crop specialists

b. farmers

c. farming techniques

d. adversaries

Lesson 1 Food Crops

TOEFL Prep I 1. photosynthesis 2. precipitation 3. cultivation

4. abandoned 5. fertilize

TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. e

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a

6 Nature

LESSON

Disaster

Target Words

1. anticipate 6. flood

2. catastrophic 7. impact

3. collide 8. persevere

4. eruption 9. plunge

5. famine 10. unleash

Definitions and Samples

1. anticipate v. To expect; to sense something before it happens

By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate

some tremors in time to warn the public.

Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipatory adj

2. catastrophic adj. Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical

ruin

The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident.

Parts of speech catastrophe n, catastrophically adv

3. collide v. To come together with great or violent force

As usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on politics

collided with their own.

Parts of speech collision n

2

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4. eruption n. A sudden, often violent, outburst

The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and

immeasurable change to the face of the mountain.

Usage tips Eruption is often followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech erupt v

5. famine n. Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage

The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused

large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America.

6. flood n. An overflowing of water; an excessive amount

The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town.

The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their

opponents.

Parts of speech flood v

7. impact n. A strong influence

The speech about the importance of education made an impact

on me.

Usage tips Impact is usually followed by on or of.

Parts of speech impact v

8. persevere v. To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to

maintain a purpose

The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail.

Parts of speech persist v, persistent adj

9. plunge v. To go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a

short time

He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool.

The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive

was arrested.

8 Nature

Usage tips Plunge is often followed by an into phrase.

Parts of speech plunge n

10. unleash v. To release a thing or an emotion

When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed

their dogs.

He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash

his feelings.

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. persevere (a) to pass by without hitting

2. anticipate (b) to give up

3. famine (c) to not see something coming

4. collide (d) harmless

5. catastrophic (e) excess of food

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Residents of Hawaii must accept the possibility of a volcanic (eruption /

perseverance).

2. Years after the accident, she was finally able to (anticipate / unleash)

her feelings of anger.

3. Houses along the river often face (famine / flooding) during the rainy

season.

4. Many people think it is cruel to (collide / plunge) live lobsters into boiling

water.

5. A well-written essay should make some kind of (catastrophe / impact)

on its readers.

Disaster 9

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Nature challenges humans in many ways, through disease, weather, and

famine. For those living along the coast, one unusual phenomenon capable

of catastrophic destruction is the tsunami (pronounced “tsoo-NAH-mee”).

A tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by an

impulsive disturbance. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,

explosions, and even the impact of meteorites can generate tsunamis.

Starting at sea, a tsunami slowly approaches land, growing in height and

losing energy through bottom friction and turbulence. Still, just like any

other water waves, tsunamis unleash tremendous energy as they plunge

onto the shore.They have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of

sand, undermining trees, and flooding hundreds of meters inland.They

can easily crush cars, homes, vegetation, and anything they collide with.

To minimize the devastation of a tsunami, scientists are constantly trying

to anticipate them more accurately and more quickly. Because

many factors come together to produce a life-threatening

tsunami, foreseeing them is not easy. Despite this, researchers

in meteorology persevere in studying and predicting tsunami

behavior.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?

a. Tsunamis could become a new source of usable energy in the next

hundred years.

b. Tsunamis do more damage to the land than flooding.

c. Tsunamis can have an especially catastrophic impact on coastal

communities.

d. Scientists can predict and track tsunamis with a fair degree of accuracy,

reducing their potential impact.

2. In the first sentence, why does the author mention weather?

a. because tsunamis are caused by bad weather

b. because tsunamis are more destructive than weather phenomena

c. as an example of a destructive natural force

d. as an introduction to the topic of coastal storms

10 Nature

Bonus Structure—

Despite this

means “even so;

regardless.”

Lesson 2 Disaster

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. eruption 2. unleash 3. flooding 4. plunge

5. impact

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. c

Disaster 11

LESSON

Evolution and Migration

Target Words

1. adapt 6. inherent

2. diverse 7. migration

3. evolve 8. physical

4. feature 9. process

5. generation 10. survive

Definitions and Samples

1. adapt v. To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable

Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures.

The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students.

Usage tips Adapt is often followed by to.

Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj

2. diverse n. Various; showing a lot of differences within a group

India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.

Usage tips An -ly adverb (e.g., linguistically) often comes before

diverse.

Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n

3. evolve v. To develop; to come forth

Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived

more than 200 million years ago.

3

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Usage tips Evolve is often followed by into or from.

Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n

4. feature n. Part, characteristic

The best feature of this car is its heated seats.

Usage tips Feature is often followed by of.

Parts of speech feature v

5. generation n. A group of people born at about the same time

As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control

of the company.

Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or

older is common. Generation is often followed by of.

Parts of speech generational adj

6. inherent adj. Naturally characteristic; always found within something,

because it’s a basic part of that thing

No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any

kind of work.

Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in.

Parts of speech inherently adv

7. migration n. Movement from one place to another by a group of people

or animals

The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends

primarily on the harvest.

Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from.

Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj

8. physical adj. Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen

or felt

Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical

ability to speak.

Evolution and Migration 13

The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the

east.

Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes.

Parts of speech physically adv

9. process n. A series of steps leading to a result

To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letterwriting

and interviews.

Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a

verb.

Parts of speech proceed v, process v

10. survive v. To continue living (despite some danger or illness)

After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild

plants and catching fish.

Usage tips Survive is often followed by a phrase with by.

Parts of speech survivor n, survival n

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. physical (a) not an integral part

2. migration (b) stay the same

3. adapt (c) die

4. inherent (d) staying in one place

5. survive (e) mental

TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in

meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the

blank.

14 Nature

diverse evolved generation process survive

_______________1. Various languages are spoken on the Indian subcontinent.

_______________2. Making bread involves a sequence of steps that takes

about three hours.

_______________3. Few sea turtles manage to live through their first year

of life.

_______________4. This age group tends to support current educational

policies.

_______________5. Her thinking about economics has changed slowly in

the last several months.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The migration from Asia to North America across the Bering Strait

(perhaps by land bridge) was a monumental event in human history.The

process of overspreading the Americas took more than 1,000 years, or 30

generations.This might seem to confirm common sense—that slow travel

was inherent in any great migration without wheeled

vehicles across unknown terrain. Further thought shows

that this process was remarkably fast—about 10 northsouth

miles per year, on average. The Americas were

populated at an astounding pace, when one considers

the physical limits of the human body and the physical

features of the American continents. Legs of humans can move only so

fast under the best of circumstances, and they work even slower over

mountain passes or deserts. Populations spread through the diverse

regions of the Americas (grasslands, eastern forests, coastal swamps) and

needed to adapt to their new environments.The migrants’ lifestyle had

evolved over the years to that of professional nomads ensuring that they

would find the resources needed to survive.

Evolution and Migration 15

Bonus Structure—

Further thought

means “looking

deeper; thinking

more.”

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information in this

passage?

a. Human migration across the Bering Strait was remarkably slow.

b. Physical limitations made migration across the Bering Strait almost

impossible.

c. Humans readily adapted to life in the Bering Strait.

d. The migration through the Americas was surprisingly fast.

2. In this passage, the word monumental is closest in meaning to

a. disastrous

b. evolving

c. important

d. physical

Lesson 3 Evolution and Migration

TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. diverse 2. process 3. survive 4. generation

5. evolved

TOEFL Success 1. a 2. c

16 Nature

LESSON

Petroleum Alternatives

Target Words

1. constraint 6. emission

2. contamination 7. extinction

3. deplete 8. reservoir

4. dispose of 9. shrink

5. elementally 10. stable

Definitions and Samples

1. constraint n. Something that restricts thought or action

The constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morris

more than once a month.

Parts of speech constrain v

2. contamination n. Being made less clean by a germ or hazardous substance

The contamination in the river came from the factory located just

upstream.

Parts of speech contaminate v, contaminant n

3. deplete v. To greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material

The prolonged war depleted the country’s national treasury.

Parts of speech depletion n

4

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4. dispose of v. To throw away; to get rid of; to kill

She disposed of her unwanted possessions before moving.

The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies.

Usage tips Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning,

dispose does not occur without of.

Parts of speech disposal n, disposable adj

5. elementally adv. In terms of elements; basically

Elementally, coal and diamonds are the same.

Parts of speech element n, elemental adj

6. emission n. Sending out from a small space into the general environment;

a substance discharged into the air

The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of

pollutants into the air.

Usage tips Emission is usually followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech emit v

7. extinction n. Complete disappearance; the end of existence

Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species.

Usage tips Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct thing

cannot be brought back into existence.

Parts of speech extinct adj

8. reservoir n. A place where a liquid is collected and stored

Cult members threatened to poison the town’s water reservoir.

Parts of speech reserve v

9. shrink v. To become reduced in size, amount, or value

If you dry your clothing on the “high heat” setting, they may shrink.

Parts of speech shrinkage n, shrinkable adj

18 Nature

10. stable adj. Firm and dependable; showing little change

He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable.

Parts of speech stability n, stably adv

TOEFL Prep I Find the word that is closest in meaning to the opposite

of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the

blank.

1. stable (a) keep

2. contamination (b) expand

3. extinct (c) unsteady

4. dispose of (d) existing

5. shrink (e) purity

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The (constraints / contamination) of being in prison made her hate society

even more.

2. A recognition that the Earth is round was one of the (elemental /

shrunken) advances in thought during the time period.

3. Mother Teresa, who helped the poorest of the poor, had a great

(disposal / reservoir) of love within her spirit.

4. Automobiles are responsible for some (emissions / extinction) of greenhouse

gases.

5. By the end of the storm, the hikers had (depleted / reserved) even

their emergency stores.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the question that follows.

Human consumption of fossil fuels is expected to fully

deplete the Earth’s crude oil reserves by the year 2060.As

underground reservoirs of oil continue to shrink, we have

no choice but to find alternatives. One promising source,

with much cleaner emissions, is called bio-diesel. Bio-

Petroleum Alternatives 19

Bonus Structure—

One promising

source signals the

point of this

paragraph.

diesel is often made from soybean oil, although it can be made from any

vegetable oil that is not elementally different from soy. Bio-diesel can even

be made from used cooking oils that homes or restaurants would

otherwise dispose of. Bio-diesel can be used without constraint in any

vehicle that runs on diesel—no modifications are needed. Presently, diesel

engines can take up to 20 percent soy in their soy-diesel blend.As the need

for bio-diesel increases and the technology improves,we may soon witness

the extinction of the fossil-fueled vehicle.This is good news for the planet,

as bio-diesel is a more stable source of energy than petroleum, and it

reduces contamination of our air and water.

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided

below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that

express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the

letter of one of your choices.

a. Humans have shown little self-restraint in their consumption of

fossil fuels.

b. Underground reservoirs of oil will soon be depleted.

c. Bio-diesel burns cleaner than fossil fuels.

d. Bio-diesel comes from a more stable source than petroleum.

e. Restaurants can save disposal fees on used cooking oil.

Lesson 4 Petroleum Alternatives

TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. e 3. d 4. a 5. b

TOEFL Prep II 1. constraint 2. elemental 3. reservoir 4.

emission 5. deplete

TOEFL Success a, c, d

Bio-diesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels.

•

•

•

20 Nature

Science

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LESSON

Time Efficiency

Target Words

1. adjust 6. maximize

2. arbitrary 7. parallel

3. denominator 8. proportion

4. exponentially 9. rate

5. infinitesimal 10. sequence

Definitions and Samples

1. adjust v. To change; to get accustomed to something

Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the

new time zone.

Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj

2. arbitrary adj. Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific

reason

The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was

arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns.

Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv

3. denominator n. The number written below the line in a fraction

In the fraction 1/2, the number 2 is the denominator.

Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means “the most

basic and unsophisticated things that most people share.”

Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj

5

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4. exponentially adv. At a very fast rate

In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the

last several decades.

Usage tips Exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an

exponent is a number indicating how many times something is

multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent “3,”

indicating 4 × 4 × 4.

Parts of speech exponent n, exponential adj

5. infinitesimal adj. Immeasurably small

The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the

water was safe to drink.

Parts of speech infinitesimally adv

6. maximize v. To increase or make as great as possible

A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential.

Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj

7. parallel adj. Being an equal distance apart everywhere

The street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town.

Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to.

Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv

8. proportion n. A part in relation to the whole

The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday

answering e-mails.

Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of.

Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv

9. rate n. The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that

happens in a certain time.

Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world.

24 Science

Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day.

Parts of speech rate v, rating n

10. sequence v. To organize or arrange in succession

Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the

boxes.

Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with

the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

adjust arbitrary denominator infinitesimal rate

1. Students felt that the exam was unfair and the grading system was

rather __________.

2. The __________ of increase in prices made it difficult for people to afford

basic goods.

3. Politicians promised great changes in the coming year, but any improvement

in people’s lives was __________.

4. She quickly overcame her culture shock and found it easy to

__________ to the new country.

5. You can add two fractions that have the same __________.

TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the

letter in the blank.

1. arbitrary (a) mix up

2. maximize (b) intersecting

3. sequence (c) minimize

4. infinitesimal (d) huge

5. parallel (e) planned out

Time Efficiency 25

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Time is, as we all know, money. Such valuation of time leads people to

extreme efforts to maximize their use of time. Some people obsess over

knowing the exact time.They buy clocks and watches that

automatically adjust themselves over the Internet or by radio

waves.These measurements allow them infinitesimal accuracy

in dealing with time. Regardless of how one tracks time, most

people share a common goal: They want to use time

effectively. Since about 1982, this efficiency has increased

exponentially each year, thanks to computers and their ability to

multitask. In multitasking, a computer executes several different tasks in

parallel. Rather than being set arbitrarily, each task is given a priority in

the computer’s operating system, and time is spent in proportion to the

priority of the task.The computer executes different sequences of tasks at

different clock cycles, thereby increasing the rate of output from a process.

1. Why does the author mention computer multitasking in this article?

a. because it is new

b. because it measures time better than any clock

c. because it helps people to arrange their activities sequentially

d. because it is a good example of the efficient use of time

2. The underlined word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning to

a. styles

b. lengths

c. orderings

d. difficulty levels

Lesson 5 Time Efficiency

TOEFL Prep I 1. arbitrary 2. rate 3. infinitesimal 4. adjust

5. denominator

TOEFL Prep II 1. e 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. c

26 Science

Bonus Structure—

As we all know

is a writer’s device

for appealing to

common knowledge.

LESSON

Ancient Life

Target Words

1. accuracy 6. integrally

2. adjacent 7. overlap

3. compress 8. retain

4. feasibly 9. seep

5. gut 10. structure

Definitions and Samples

1. accuracy n. Precision; exactness

The research department checks all our articles for accuracy of facts

before we print them.

Usage tips Accuracy is often followed by of.

Parts of speech accurate adj, accurately adv

2. adjacent adj. Next to

Even though the villages are adjacent to each other, their residents

speak different languages.

Usage tips Adjacent is often followed by to.

Parts of speech adjacency n

3. compress v. To press together

To make the foundation stronger, they compressed the soil before

pouring the concrete.

Parts of speech compression n, compressed adj

6

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4. feasibly adv. Practically; in a way that can work

Scientists can’t feasibly bring energy from deep ocean currents to

where it is needed—on land.

Parts of speech feasibility n, feasible adj

5. gut v. To empty or hollow out

In order to remodel the house, we must first gut it and throw away

all the old fixtures.

Usage tips Gut also means “the stomach of an animal”; this verb

makes an image, that the inside of a building is like the inside of an

animal.

Parts of speech gut n, gutted adj

6. integrally adv. In a whole or complete manner

Writing and spelling are taught integrally as part of the reading

program.

Parts of speech integrate v, integrity n, integral n, integral adj

7. overlap v. To lie over part of something; to have elements in common

One of the two assistants will likely get fired, since most of their duties

in the office overlap.

Parts of speech overlap n

8. retain v. To keep or hold

The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain

all the water.

Parts of speech retainer n, retention n

9. seep v. To pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas might

As the containers rusted, the toxic waste seeped into the ground.

Usage tips Seep is often followed by into or through.

28 Science

10. structure n. Something constructed, such as a building

Most companies have a social structure that can’t be understood by

outsiders.

Parts of speech structure v, structural adj, structurally adv

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with

the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

accuracy adjacent feasibly integrally structure

1. She had no idea how they could __________ take a big vacation and

remodel their house in the same year.

2. Daily meditation is used __________ with medication and massage as

part of the recovery plan.

3. The rival politicians were raised in __________ counties.

4. If you build a __________ next to this river, you must be sure it is safe

against floods.

5. Once he ran for public office, he understood the importance of checking

public statements for __________.

TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the

letter in the blank.

1. seep (a) fill

2. gut (b) separate

3. retain (c) stay contained

4. compress (d) loosen

5. overlap (e) throw away

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Ancient Life 29

Organic products from ancient life are an integral part of the Earth’s

resources, offering scientists a more accurate picture of ancient life-forms.

One key to ancient life comes in the form of petrified matter. Petrifaction

is a process that slowly turns the remains of a living object into stone. In

this process, minerals seep into a mass of organic matter.After the organic

matter has been replaced, a mineral version of the living object is left.

Petrifaction often occurs in trees that are found adjacent to rivers,

floodable areas, and volcanoes,which provide the mud or ash that initially

covers the organic matter. Some pieces of petrified wood retain the original

cellular structure of the wood and the grain can be easily

seen. Today, it is feasible to petrify wood in a simple

laboratory process.

Fossils are another way that ancient life is preserved.

Most fossils include an animal’s hard parts, such as teeth

and bones. One type of fossil, called a trace fossil, may

also include eggs, tooth marks, contents of the guts, and fossil excrement.

Some products from ancient life offer us more than scientific knowledge.

One such product is coal, a solid fuel of plant origin. It develops over

millions of years, during which swamp vegetation is submerged in water,

depleted of oxygen, and covered by layers and layers of sand and mud.

These overlapping layers settle with the Earth’s movements and are

compressed over time.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?

a. Preserved life-forms, including petrified matter and fossils, teach us

about ancient life.

b. The primary function for preserved life-forms is scientific discovery.

c. Scientists try to replicate natural processes that preserve ancient

life-forms.

d. Ancient organic matter provides the most concentrated forms of energy

known to humans.

2. In the passage, the words submerged in are closest in meaning to

a. made wet

b. completely covered

c. adjacent to

d. depleted of

30 Science

Bonus Structure—

In this context,

today means “at

present; at this time

in history.”

Lesson 6 Ancient Life

TOEFL Prep I 1. feasibly 2. integrally 3. adjacent

4. structure 5. accuracy

TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. d 5. b

TOEFL Success 1. a 2. b

Ancient Life 31

LESSON

Computers

Target Words

1. circulate 6. implement

2. corrode 7. innovative

3. derive 8. installation

4. detection 9. maintenance

5. expeditiously 10. simulation

Definitions and Samples

1. circulate v. To move throughout an area or group; to move along a

somewhat circular route

The gossip circulated quickly through the small town.

Blood circulates more quickly during physical exercise.

Usage tips Circulate is often followed by through.

Parts of speech circulation n

2. corrode v. To be slowly weakened by chemical reactions

Sitting in salt water, the old coins corroded and became very easy to

break.

Usage tips A familiar kind of corrosion produces rust, the reddish

coating on iron or steel that has been exposed to air and water.

Parts of speech corrosion n

7

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3. derive v. To come from, usually through a long, slow process

The Cyrillic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet.

Usage tips Derive is often followed by from.

Parts of speech derivation n, derivative adj

4. detection n. Discovering something that cannot easily be found

With new medical technology, the detection of cancer is much easier

nowadays.

Usage tips Detection is often followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech detect v, detectable adj

5. expeditiously adv. Quickly and efficiently

Using carrier pigeons, the military commanders exchanged messages

expeditiously.

Parts of speech expedite v, expedition n, expeditious adj

6. implement v. To make use of; to carry out

Not until after the new software was installed could we implement

the new filing system.

Parts of speech implement n, implementation n

7. innovative adj. Ahead of the times; novel

The innovative use of props and lighting drew many favorable

comments.

Parts of speech innovation n

8. installation n. Setting something into position for use

Installation of the new software takes only four minutes.

Parts of speech install v

9. maintenance n. The act of keeping something in good condition

The only problem with living in such a big house is that it requires

a lot of maintenance.

Parts of speech maintain v

Computers 33

10. simulation n. An imitation or representation

To test car safety, automobile makers study crash simulations.

Parts of speech simulate v, simulator n

TOEFL Prep I Circle the most likely meaning of the word part

that is shared within each set of words.

1. circulate, circumnavigate, circuit

The root circ / circum probably means

a. around

b. broken

c. fair

d. straight

2. innovative, novel, renovate

The root nov probably means

a. clear

b. old

c. new

d. sweet

3. installation, implement, imprison

The prefix in-/im- probably means

a. aside

b. behind

c. in

d. out

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Please make sure this information (circulates / derives) throughout the

office quickly.

2. The (installation / simulation) of the new telephones took three days.

3. In order to stay on schedule, we need to complete this project as

(expeditiously / innovatively) as possible.

34 Science

4. The smuggler moved cautiously through the airport to avoid

(detection / maintenance).

5. Years of neglect had caused the building’s water pipes to (corrode /

implement).

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

As dependence on computers increases, so does the need for technical

support. From installation of software to detection of viruses, computers

require constant vigilance. Most larger companies find it most expeditious

to maintain in-house computer staff. Many smaller companies, however,

can’t fund their own full-time, in-house technical help. Instead, many of

them assign the task of computer maintenance to a current employee

who may not have any formal training. Rather, these “computer buffs”

have derived their skills through practice and self-training. These selfappointed

tech specialists, however, often cannot solve bigger problems.

What’s more, they may see their office relations corrode when they are

swamped with basic user questions that they simply don’t have time to

address. For these reasons, many small companies choose to employ a

freelance technical assistant who circulates among clients on an as-needed

basis.With their professional training, these consultants may propose

innovative solutions to users’ unique needs, which could vary from

tracking inventory to simulating mechanized processes. They can

implement new programs, train personnel, and escape the workplace

before being asked,“How can I cut this file and paste it somewhere else?”

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?

a. Larger companies are better off using freelance technical consultants.

b. Computer maintenance and troubleshooting cuts into employee

productivity.

c. Self-trained technical support personnel are often as effective as

trained professionals.

d. Smaller companies may benefit from hiring occasional technical

support.

Computers 35

2. The article implies that the question How do I cut and paste a file? is

a. too basic to require professional attention

b. a good question to give to in-house tech support

c. appropriate for a freelancer to address

d. a good topic for a training program

Lesson 7 Computers

TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. c 3. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. circulate 2. installation 3. expeditiously

4. detection 5. corrode

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. a

36 Science

LESSON

Energy

Target Words

1. combustion 6. permeate

2. component 7. rotate

3. convey 8. solar

4. discretely 9. source

5. nucleus 10. trigger

Definitions and Samples

1. combustion n. The process of burning

When air quality is poor, combustion of materials in a fireplace is

prohibited.

Usage tips Combustion is often followed by of.

Parts of speech combust v, combustible adj

2. component n. One part of a system or whole

Their home theater system has a number of separate components.

Usage tips Component is often followed or preceded by of.

3. convey v. To transport from one place to another; to transmit or make

known

A messenger conveyed the prince’s letter to the commander of the

army.

8

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The worst part about being a doctor was when she had to convey

bad news to a family.

Parts of speech conveyance n, conveyor n

4. discretely adv. Separately; distinctly

In order to understand how the engine worked, each component

needed to be studied discretely.

Parts of speech discrete adj

5. nucleus n. A central or essential part around which other parts are

gathered; a core

The nucleus of many European cities is the town square.

Usage tips Nucleus is often followed by of.

Parts of speech nuclear adj

6. permeate v. To spread or flow throughout; to pass through or penetrate

The smell of cooking permeated the entire apartment building.

Parts of speech permeation n

7. rotate v. To turn around; to take turns in sequence

The planet rotates on its axis once every 14 Earth days.

The children rotate classroom responsibilities on a weekly basis.

Parts of speech rotation n

8. solar adj. Of, or relating to, the sun

The ancient society kept time with a solar calendar.

9. source n. The point of origin or creation

The reporter was unable to identify the source of the information

for his story.

Parts of speech source v

38 Science

10. trigger v. To set off or initiate

I was certain any mention of politics would trigger a big argument.

Parts of speech trigger n

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with

the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

combustion convey permeate source trigger

1. It is often difficult to __________ the meaning of a poem to a large

audience.

2. The __________ of the gossip was someone inside this office.

3. Her bad mood that day __________ the atmosphere in the laboratory.

4. The internal __________ engine revolutionized the way automobiles

run.

5. A cigarette __________ the explosion.

TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the

blank.

1. rotate (a) separately, as an individual part

2. solar (b) spin on an axis

3. component (c) sun

4. discretely (d) center

5. nucleus (e) part

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in steam turbines.

There are many discrete steps in this process. In a steam turbine,

Energy 39

combustion of coal, petroleum, or natural gas heats water to make steam.

The steam rotates a shaft that is connected to a generator that produces

electricity. Finally, that electricity is converted by a transformer and

conveyed from the turbine to its place of use. Many sources can provide

energy to heat the water in a steam turbine. Coal is primary, producing 51

percent of the country’s electricity.Another common way to heat water for

steam turbines is through nuclear power. In nuclear fission, atoms of

uranium fuel are hit by neutrons, triggering a continuous chain of fission

that releases heat. In 2001, nuclear power generated 21 percent of the

electricity in the United States. Solar power produces less than 1 percent

of the United States’ electricity needs, because it is not

regularly available and harnessing it is more expensive than

using fossil fuels. Dependence on electricity permeates daily

life in the United States. Still, few people are aware of the

many components of electricity production.

1. What does the author say about solar power?

a. It produces more electricity than any other source.

b. It is a relatively small source of energy for heating water in steam

turbines.

c. Electricity producers are trying to use it more regularly.

d. Researchers are trying to make it cheaper to use.

2. In the passage, the word transformer probably refers to a

a. truck

b. generator that produces electricity

c. type of turbine

d. device that changes electric currents

Lesson 8 Energy

TOEFL Prep I 1. convey 2. source 3. permeated

4. combustion 5. triggered

TOEFL Prep II 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. d

40 Science

Bonus Structure—

In this context, still

means “even so;

despite this.”

Mind and Body

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LESSON

Memory

Target Words

1. acquisition 6. indisputable

2. anomaly 7. intervene

3. consciously 8. intuitively

4. degrade 9. recede

5. gap 10. retrieve

Definitions and Samples

1. acquisition n. The act of taking possession of something

Our recent acquisition of over 2,000 books makes ours the biggest

library in the region.

Usage tips Acquisition is often followed by of.

Parts of speech acquire v

2. anomaly n. Something unusual

White tigers get their beautiful coloring from a genetic anomaly.

3. consciously adv. With awareness of one’s actions

He may have hurt her feelings, but he never would have done so

consciously.

Parts of speech consciousness n, conscious adj

9

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4. degrade v. To reduce in value or strength

The roads in cold or wet areas of the United States degrade faster

than those in warm, sunny regions.

Parts of speech degradation n, degradable adj

5. gap n. Opening; a big difference in amount or quality

The small gap between the walls in the old house caused cold drafts

to come in.

6. indisputable adj. Beyond doubt; unquestionable

The members of the jury found her guilty because they found the

facts of the case indisputable.

Parts of speech indisputably adv

7. intervene v. To come between

A good mediator intervenes only as much as necessary to settle a

dispute between other parties.

Parts of speech intervention n

8. intuitively adv. By means of a natural sense about things that are hard

to observe

Many mothers know intuitively when something is wrong with their

children.

Parts of speech intuition n, intuitive adj

9. recede v. To move back or away from

After the age of 30, his hairline began to recede further back from

his forehead.

Parts of speech recession n, recessive adj

10. retrieve v. To bring or get back

Most dogs can be trained to retrieve objects that their owners have

thrown.

Parts of speech retriever n, retrievable adj

44 Mind and Body

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. degrade (a) stay out of a dispute

2. anomaly (b) improve

3. recede (c) questionable

4. intervene (d) the norm

5. indisputable (e) come forward

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. A huge (anomaly / gap) between the wealthy and the working class

often leads to social unrest.

2. The new computers enable us to (intervene / retrieve) information

more quickly.

3. Although she wasn’t qualified for the job, she (indisputably /

intuitively) felt that she should apply.

4. When he joined the military, he did not expect the officers to

(degrade / recede) him.

5. The art in the foyer was an important (acquisition / consciousness)

for the museum.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the question that follows.

Like other functions of the human mind, perception and memory are

imperfect.When we tell a story about something that we witnessed, we

may intuitively believe that our recollection is accurate. However, several

factors bias our memories of events.To study this anomaly, let us look at

the three steps of memory creation: acquisition of memory, storing of

memory, and retrieval. At every stage of memory formation, distortion can

occur. At the first stage, acquisition of memory, events are perceived and

bits of information are prepared for storage in the brain. However, it is

impossible for us to remember every single thing we observe.Through

processes that are both conscious and unconscious, people determine

which details they will focus on.

Memory 45

In its second stage, storage, memories can become further distorted.

Over time, our memories degrade, as we forget portions of events. To

compensate, we may even creatively fill in the gap created by the

recession of long-term memory. Additionally, an individual’s memory can

be altered during the storage stage by intervening occurrences,which can

be subconsciously combined with previously stored

memories. Last but not least,we search our memory to locate

information. During recall, emotion also seems to play a part

in memory distortion. In sum, our memories may not be the

indisputable source of information that we would like them

to be.

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided

below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that

express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the

letter of one of your choices.

a. People purposefully present a slanted version of events.

b. Memories can be altered at any point in memory creation.

c. People naturally cannot recall everything they observe.

d. Memories are an indisputable source of fact.

e. Time and emotion contribute to memory degradation.

f. Past occurrences often displace current memories.

Lesson 9 Memory

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. a 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. gap 2. retrieve 3. intuitively 4. degrade

5. acquisition

TOEFL Success b, c, e

Memory provides an imperfect record of events.

•

•

•

46 Mind and Body

Bonus Structure—

In sum means “to

summarize; to give

a short version of

what has been

stated.”

LESSON

Spirituality

Target Words

1. agnostic 6. deify

2. animism 7. ecclesiastical

3. atheist 8. exalt

4. be inclined to 9. pious

5. contemplate 10. sacrifice

Definitions and Samples

1. agnostic adj. Believing that humans cannot know whether there is

a god

His devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs.

Parts of speech agnostic n, agnosticism n

2. animism n. The belief that natural objects, such as trees, have souls

Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds contain

spirits.

Parts of speech animistic adj

3. atheist n. One who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being

He argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to

be anything but an atheist.

Parts of speech atheistic adj

10

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4. be inclined to v. To favor an opinion or a course of action

He couldn’t say which candidate he favored, but he had always

been inclined to vote Republican.

Parts of speech incline n, inclination n

5. contemplate v. To consider thoughtfully

If you contemplate each step for so long, we will never complete this

project on time.

Parts of speech contemplation n, contemplative adj

6. deify v. To worship as a god

When people deify the leader of their country, the leader is able to

abuse power more easily.

Parts of speech deity n

7. ecclesiastical adj. Relating to a church

He was looking specifically for a university where he could study

ecclesiastical history.

Parts of speech ecclesiastic n, ecclesiastically adv

8. exalt v. To praise or honor

He would often exalt the virtues of his new wife.

Parts of speech exaltation n

9. pious adj. Having or exhibiting religious reverence

Sometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens.

Parts of speech piousness n, piety n, piously adv

10. sacrifice v. Anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving;

giving up something in order to have something more valuable

later on

Every harvest time, the Fadeloni people sacrificed vegetables to

their gods as a show of thanks.

48 Mind and Body

In order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private life

and his leisure time.

Parts of speech sacrifice n, sacrificial adj, sacrificially adv

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with

the best word or phrase from the list. Change the form of the word

if necessary. Use each word or phrase only once.

be inclined to contemplate deify exalted sacrifice

1. Traditionally, the Camerian society __________ its leaders, considering

them to be sent from the land of the gods.

2. To do well in his university courses, he had to __________ a lot of his

personal time.

3. The generation of American leaders known as “the Founders” are

__________ by many scholars for their wisdom and courage.

4. She knew she would always __________ agree with what her mother

said, so she struggled to remain unbiased.

5. The human resources department __________ whether they should let

Mary go.

TOEFL Prep II Circle the likely meaning of the word part that is

shared within each set of words.

1. animism, animal, animation

The root anima probably means

a. color

b. death

c. many

d. life

Spirituality 49

2. atheistic, amoral, apathetic

The prefix a probably means

a. not

b. loving

c. excessive

d. surely

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In Russia, several religions coexist, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam,

and animism. The most common religion is Christianity, and most

Christians are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Church

has existed for over 1,000 years, surviving even the official atheism of the

Soviet era and the agnosticism that may have been even more prominent

at the time. During the communist years, many Russians who practiced

Orthodoxy sacrificed career and educational opportunities.The tenacity

of Russian Orthodoxy may explain why even nonreligious Russians are

inclined to call themselves Russian Orthodox.That same staying power

drives the Church today, which is run by Aleksey II of Moscow. Born

Aleksey Mikhailovich Ridiger, the future patriarch was from a very pious

family. As a boy, Aleksey was often taken by his parents on their annual

pilgrimages, when he most certainly began contemplation of

the religious way of life he was to choose. As patriarch, Aleksey

is exalted in the Church governance, but he is not deified.

Aleksey has published articles on Church history and

peacemaking in both the ecclesiastical and secular press,

broadening the Church’s image both in Russia and abroad.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. The Russian Orthodox Church was banned under Soviet control.

b. Few Russians believe in a god.

c. Aleksey II has updated the church’s image.

d. The Russian Orthodox Church has a long history of strong membership

in Russia.

50 Mind and Body

Bonus Structure—

Here As patriarch

means “while

working in the

position of church

leader.”

2. According to the passage, Aleksey II of Moscow is

a. a god

b. a high church official

c. a secular leader

d. an atheist

Lesson 10 Spirituality

TOEFL Prep I 1. deifies 2. sacrifice 3. exalted 4. be

inclined to 5. contemplated

TOEFL Prep II 1. d 2. a

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. b

Spirituality 51

LESSON

Illness

Target Words

1. aggravate 6. persist

2. decrepit 7. prognosis

3. disease 8. terminal

4. fatally 9. vein

5. forensics 10. wound

Definitions and Samples

1. aggravate v. To make worse; to anger or intensify

Running will aggravate your sore knees.

Parts of speech aggravation n

2. decrepit adj. Weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or excessive

use

The once-beautiful building was now dirty, decrepit, and roofless.

3. disease n. An unhealthful condition caused by an infection or a longterm

physical problem

Thanks to developments in medicine, many once-fatal diseases can

now be cured.

4. fatally adv. Causing death or disaster

The soldier was fatally wounded in the battle.

Parts of speech fatality n, fatal adj

11

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5. forensics n. The use of science and technology to investigate facts in

criminal cases

Advances in the study of forensics have made it much easier to

identify criminals from very small traces of evidence.

Parts of speech forensic adj

6. persist v. To continue to exist; to hold to a purpose, despite any

obstacle

If your symptoms persist, you should go see a doctor.

Lola persisted in her efforts to become a lawyer.

Parts of speech persistence n, persistent adj

7. prognosis n. An educated guess of how something will develop, especially

a disease

The room fell silent when the doctor gave Senator Grebe a grim

prognosis of months of treatment.

8. terminal adj. Located at an end; approaching death

The cancer ward at the hospital held both terminal and recovering

patients.

Parts of speech terminate v, terminally adv

9. vein n. Any of the tubes that form a branching system, especially those

that carry blood to the heart

She became fascinated with human anatomy, especially when she

learned how veins transport oxygen.

10. wound v. To inflict an injury on

Sometimes he didn’t realize his sharp humor could wound as well

as entertain.

Parts of speech wound n

TOEFL Prep I Choose the word from the list that is closest in meaning

to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank.

disease fatal persist prognosis wound

Illness 53

1. He sustained a serious injury in the war, so he was sent

home immediately.

2. Her sickness was so rare, doctors weren’t certain how to

treat it.

3. His motto was to keep trying, no matter what happened.

4. The medical staff could not know for sure whether the

treatment would work, but they made a confident

prediction that the patient would recover.

5. The airplane crash was tragic, killing many people immediately

and inflicting injuries on others that would

eventually prove deadly.

TOEFL Prep II Next to each definition, write the word that most

closely fits it.

aggravate decrepit forensics terminal vein

1. the science involved in solving crimes

2. a vessel for carrying blood

3. to make worse

4. unable to be cured

5. in very bad condition

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The man was decrepit.With high blood pressure, cancer, and liver disease,

he aggravated his situation by smoking. His prognosis was death. His

advanced lung cancer was terminal, and his family members knew that he

would pass away soon. So no one was surprised to find him dead on that

sharp winter Thursday, no one, that is, except one sharp-eyed detective,

54 Mind and Body

who noticed the bedroom window ajar on the morning of the old man’s

death.Would a fatally ill person be likely to sleep with the window open

on a freezing cold night?

This question occupied forensic specialists from the medical examiner’s

office.There, an autopsy revealed an unlikely wound on the victim’s

thigh. Such a wound could easily have been inflicted by someone

administering medicine . . . or poison. From there, the poison could travel

through the veins, shutting down vital organs and causing death within

seconds.

Indeed, the death turned out to be murder in the first

degree. Criminal investigators persisted in their questioning

of friends and family, only later finding the motive: money.

Two distant relatives who stood to inherit large sums from

the old man’s estate plotted the death, believing that the old

man’s death would not be questioned.

1. Why does the author mention a wound ?

a. The wound caused the death.

b. It was evidence of a struggle.

c. It was suspicious.

d. It was predictable, considering the man’s disease.

2. In the passage, the word inherit is closest in meaning to

a. lose

b. gain

c. earn

d. want

Lesson 11 Illness

TOEFL Prep I 1. wound 2. disease 3. persist 4. prognosis

5. fatal

TOEFL Prep II 1. forensics 2. vein 3. aggravate 4. terminal

5. decrepit

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. b

Illness 55

Bonus Structure—

Indeed indicates

that an idea in an

earlier paragraph

was actually true.

LESSON

Surgery

Target Words

1. anesthesia 6. implant

2. augment 7. inject

3. certifiably 8. obese

4. complication 9. procedure

5. cure 10. scar

Definitions and Samples

1. anesthesia n. Techniques for reducing sensation and feeling, especially

to control pain

The Civil War was the first American war when anesthesia was

widely used in surgery on soldiers.

Usage tips Anesthesia and anesthetic are often used interchangeably.

Parts of speech anesthetic n, adj

2. augment v. To make bigger or better by adding to

In some types of popular cosmetic surgery people augment parts of

their bodies.

The college augmented its course offerings because students complained

that there were too few choices.

Parts of speech augmentation n

12

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3. certifiably adv. In a manner that is officially recognized

He couldn’t be institutionalized until he was declared certifiably

insane.

Parts of speech certify v, certification n, certificate n, certifiable adj

4. complication n. A factor that makes something more difficult or

complex

The surgeons could not easily stop the bleeding because of

complications related to the patient’s diabetes.

Parts of speech complicate v

5. cure v. To restore to health

They say laughter can help cure many illnesses.

Parts of speech cure n

6. implant v. To set in firmly; to insert in the body surgically

The actress had cheek implants to make her face look fuller.

Parts of speech implantation n

7. inject v. To insert a liquid by means of a syringe

The doctor used a needle to inject the medicine slowly into her arm.

Parts of speech injection n

8. obese adj. Excessively overweight

More Americans are obese now because U.S. culture encourages

overeating and discourages exercise.

Parts of speech obesity n

9. procedure n. A specific way of performing or doing something

The flight attendant explained the emergency evacuation

procedure.

Parts of speech proceed v, procedural adj

Surgery 57

10. scar n. A mark on the skin left after a wound has healed; a lasting sign

of damage, either mental or physical

The surgery was successful, but it left a large scar across her

abdomen.

Parts of speech scar v

TOEFL Prep I For each word, choose the word or phrase that has

the most similar meaning.Write the letter of your choice on the line.

1. scar

(a) bandage (b) mark (c) shine (d) cover

2. augment

(a) take away (b) discuss (c) use (d) add to

3. complication

(a) added difficulty (b) improved performance

(c) method of training (d) prediction about results

4. obese

(a) attractive (b) healthy (c) very overweight (d) high

5. cure

(a) heal (b) study (c) diagnose (d) tie up

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The (procedure / scar) to prepare for the surgery took four hours.

2. Only seriously (certifiable / obese) people should get their stomachs

surgically reduced.

3. He almost died during the operation because the doctors did not

give him the right kind of (anesthesia / complication).

4. Doctors are now able to (cure / implant) many types of sickness that

were usually fatal in the past.

5. Before (augmenting / injecting) a painkiller, the dentist rubbed cloves

on the woman’s gums to numb them.

58 Mind and Body

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Since 1992, the number of cosmetic surgery procedures has risen 175

percent in the United States.Two of the most popular are liposuction and

breast augmentation. In liposuction, the doctor inserts a small tube into the

skin that sucks fat from the body.And while it may sound

easy, it isn’t. Liposuction is so painful that people are often

given anesthesia. What’s more, liposuction is not really a

cure for obesity. Rather, it should be used when diet and

exercise do not reduce fat in certain “trouble spots.”

Another common cosmetic procedure is breast augmentation.

In this procedure, an implant is inserted through the armpit,

making the breasts appear larger. Breast augmentation usually leaves only

a small scar. Some common complications include the effects of anesthesia,

infection, swelling, redness, bleeding, and pain. To reduce these risks,

consumers are advised to be sure that their surgeon is board-certified.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. Cosmetic surgery is dangerous.

b. Many people do not have cosmetic surgery because of the pain.

c. Cosmetic surgery is increasing in popularity in the United States.

d. Breast reduction is almost as popular as breast augmentation.

2. In the underlined sentence, trouble spots refers to

a. places where people are commonly overweight

b. methods of exercise that aren’t effective

c. parts of the body where liposuction doesn’t work

d. specific areas on the body where fat is hard to minimize

Lesson 12 Surgery

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. a

TOEFL Prep II 1. procedure 2. obese 3. anesthesia 4. cure

5. injecting

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. d

Surgery 59

Bonus Structure—

What’s more

means “in addition;

even more

importantly.”

LESSON

Ghosts

Target Words

1. astrological 6. invoke

2. divination 7. meditate

3. haunt 8. phantom

4. horror 9. psychic

5. intermediary 10. self-perpetuating

Definitions and Samples

1. astrological adj. Related to the study of the position of stars, the sun,

and the planets in the belief that they influence earthly events

Every day, Mona read her astrological forecast in the newspaper,

and she was careful if the horoscope predicted trouble.

Parts of speech astrology n, astrologer n, astrologically adv

2. divination n. Foretelling the future by finding patterns in physical

objects

In Turkey, women offer divinations by reading the dregs from a coffee

cup.

Parts of speech divine v

3. haunt v. To continually appear (in the form of a ghost) in the same

place or to the same person

13

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Some say the ghost of Princess Hilda haunts this castle, appearing

as a headless form while she plays the piano.

The pictures of children dying in war have haunted me for a long

time.

4. horror n. Strong fear mixed with disgust

On Halloween night, all the horror movies were rented out.

Parts of speech horrify v, horrific adj

5. intermediary n. Acting as an agent between people or things

The plaintiff’s lawyer suggested that they hire an intermediary to

help them discuss their case.

Usage tips Intermediary comes from the Latin words meaning

“between the ways.”

6. invoke v. To call on for support

In many religions, believers invoke their god by holding out their

hands.

Parts of speech invocation n

7. meditate v. To reflect; to think quietly and deeply for a long time

Every morning, the monks meditated for three hours in complete

silence.

Parts of speech meditation n

8. phantom n. A dimly visible form, usually thought to be the spirit of a

dead person, a sunken ship, etc.

Many visitors reported seeing a phantom who appeared around the

lake.

Usage tips Phantom originates in a word meaning “dream”; like a

dream, a phantom leaves an observer wondering whether it’s real or

not.

Ghosts 61

9. psychic adj. Relating to the supposed ability of the human mind to

sense things that cannot be observed

The governor’s assistant claimed to have unique psychic abilities

enabling him to read people’s minds.

Parts of speech psychic n, psychically adv

10. self-perpetuating adj. Having the power to renew oneself for an indefinite

period of time

It is difficult to escape from a lie, as they are often self-perpetuating.

Parts of speech self-perpetuation n

TOEFL Prep I For each word, choose the word or phrase that has

the most similar meaning.Write the letter of your choice on the line.

1. divination

(a) demand (b) prediction (c) problem (d) route

2. haunt

(a) dry out (b) fail to show up

(c) continue to disturb (d) search desperately

3. meditate

(a) clarify (b) expose (c) purge (d) think

4. invoke

(a) call (b) cry (c) inspire (d) reject

5. psychic

(a) empty (b) mental (c) powerful (d) vague

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The leaders of the religious group are said to have (astrological /

psychic) powers that allow them to move objects just by the power

of their thoughts.

62 Mind and Body

2. For years after the earthquake, she was disturbed by the (haunting /

self-perpetuating) memories of destruction.

3. The boys told their new friend that they had seen (intermediaries /

phantoms) in the cemetery at night.

4. During the scuffle, the citizens were prepared to (invoke / meditate)

the right of citizen’s arrest because no police officers were present.

5. Her (divination / horror) of the results of their meeting impressed

even the nonbelievers.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Some say that sailors are a superstitious group. Long nights of watching

stars predispose them to a belief in astrology. Long periods of isolation

lead them to believe in psychic phenomena that others would laugh at.

This may explain sailors’ frequent reports of seeing phantom ships. From

the Gulf of Mexico, across the Atlantic, and to the South China Sea,

sailors often claim that such vessels haunt the seas. One of the most

famous stories of ghost ships is the Flying Dutchman, which sailed in

1680 from Amsterdam to Dutch East India under Hendrick

Vanderdecken.When the captain ignored the danger warnings of a storm,

his ship was smashed and the crew was lost. According to legend, his

arrogance invoked the wrath of God, who condemned the lost crewmembers

to battle the waters off the Cape of Good Hope for eternity.

Since then, there have been repeated sightings of the Flying Dutchman,

one as recent as 1939. Many sightings of phantom ships occur in areas

where vessels are known to have sunk. Sailors can never divine when or

where they will next encounter a phantom ship. Rather, most of their

sightings occur randomly, only later to bring forth information of a former

sea horror. Some say that ghosts aboard a phantom ship are trying to use

living sailors as their intermediaries. Still others think that the existence

of phantom ships is merely a self-perpetuating myth for bored sailors

who are prone to too much idle meditation about the meaning of life and

death on the high seas.

Ghosts 63

1. How would the author explain phantom ships?

a. Their appearance is tied to the stars.

b. Sailors at sea have little to do.

c. Fog and high waves can distort one’s vision.

d. Shipwreck remains haunt oceans around the world.

2. Why does the author mention the Flying Dutchman?

a. as the basis of primitive navigation systems

b. as an example of a commonly sighted phantom ship

c. as the reason why many sailors have mental problems

d. as an explanation for sightings of phantom ships

Lesson 13 Ghosts

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b

TOEFL Prep II 1. psychic 2. haunting 3. phantoms 4. invoke

5. divination

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. b

64 Mind and Body

Society

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LESSON

Anthropology

Target Words

1. assimilate 6. relic

2. cremation 7. rite

3. domesticate 8. ritually

4. folklore 9. saga

5. fossilize 10. vestige

Definitions and Samples

1. assimilate v. To consume and incorporate; to become similar

Not all of the overseas students could assimilate into the rigidly

controlled school.

Usage tips Assimilate is often followed by into.

Parts of speech assimilation n

2. cremation n. The act of burning the dead

Cremation is particularly common in Japan, where land for burial is

very limited.

Parts of speech cremate v

3. domesticate v. To make something suitable for being in a home

The Barnes family hoped to domesticate the tiger, but their neighbors

were skeptical.

14

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Usage tips The object of domesticate is usually a plant or animal.

Parts of speech domestic adj

4. folklore n. Traditional myths of a people transmitted orally

Through folklore, archaeologists have learned about the migration

of Native Americans in North America.

Parts of speech folkloric adj

5. fossilize v. To become preserved in clay or stone or ash after death, so

that a natural record is left of the original organism; to become rigid

and stuck in old ways

The dinosaur eggs had fossilized over thousands of years.

Parts of speech fossilization n, fossil n

6. relic n. Something left from a long-ago culture, time period, or person

Relics of the war can still be found in the sand dunes along this

shore.

7. rite n. A ceremony meant to achieve a certain purpose

Many cultures have fertility rites that supposedly make it more

likely for women to bear children.

8. ritually adv. As part of a traditional ceremony or habit

The children ritually kissed their parents on the cheek before bed.

Parts of speech ritual n, ritual adj

9. saga n. A long story about important events long ago

Many American families tell sagas about their ancestors’ arrival in

the United States.

10. vestige n. A visible trace that something once existed

The wilted flowers were the only vestige of their romantic weekend.

68 Society

TOEFL Prep I Choose the word from the list that is closest in meaning

to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank.

assimilate cremation domesticate folklore ritual

1. In many cultures around the world, young boys are circumcised

in a traditional ceremony.

2. It is difficult to tame a bird that was born in the wild.

3. Based on the oral legends about the fire, researchers estimate

that about half of the townspeople died in the

blaze.

4. After the burning of the body, the remaining bits of

bone are transferred to a large urn.

5. Her husband could never fit into her family’s way of

life.

TOEFL Prep II Write the best word next to each definition. Use

each word only once.

fossilize relic rite saga vestige

1. to harden after death

2. a customary act

3. a memento

4. something remaining from the past

5. a long story

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The aborigines of Australia may have been some of the first people on the

planet. Recent discoveries of relics, including stone tools, show that

Anthropology 69

humans lived near Penrith, New South Wales, about 47,000 years ago.

Australian aborigines migrated from northern lands by sea, when the

water passages were narrower than they are today. This is the first

evidence of sea travel by prehistoric humans.The saga of this

water passing survives in modern-day aboriginal folklore. To

put this in perspective, remember that 50,000 years ago,

humans were nomadic. Early aborigines did not cultivate

crops, and in Australia at the time there were no animals that

could be domesticated. No one knows how long it took

aboriginal people to reach Australia, but archaeologists are

searching through ancient campsites for vestiges of their early lifestyle.

Fossilized remains indicate that these nomadic people not only gathered

food from the land, but they also subsisted on meat from large animals

that no longer exist today. As part of their hunting tradition, aborigines

ritually covered themselves in mud to mask their own scent or for

camouflage. Aboriginal society marked the major events of life with rites

such as circumcision, marriage, and cremation. Older people were revered

and cared for as great sources of wisdom. When Westerners arrived in

Australia in 1788, the 300,000 aborigines who lived there were not eager

to assimilate their ways. In the following years, disease, loss of land, and

loss of identity shaped the aborigines’ history perhaps as much as their

first prehistoric crossing from the north.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information in this

passage?

a. Australian aborigines were some of the Earth’s first people.

b. White explorers did not respect aboriginal culture.

c. Australian aborigines probably migrated from Africa.

d. The organization and functioning of aboriginal society is mostly

unknown.

2. In this passage, the word ritually is closest in meaning to

a. regularly

b. ignorantly

c. superstitiously

d. dramatically

70 Society

Bonus Structure—

To put this in

perspective

means “to give

some background

information.”

Lesson 14 Anthropology

TOEFL Prep I 1. ritual 2. domesticate 3. folklore

4. cremation 5. assimilate

TOEFL Prep II 1. fossilize 2. rite 3. relic 4. vestige 5. saga

TOEFL Success 1. a 2. a

Anthropology 71

LESSON

Social Inequality

Target Words

1. amend 6. discriminate

2. biased 7. notion

3. burden 8. oppress

4. counter 9. paradigm

5. de facto 10. prejudiced

Definitions and Samples

1. amend v. To change for the better

The residents voted to amend their neighborhood policy on fences.

Parts of speech amendment n

2. biased adj. Leaning unfairly in one direction

Her newspaper article was criticized for being heavily biased

toward the mayor’s proposal.

Parts of speech bias n

3. burden n. Something that is carried; a source of stress or worry

The donkey walked slowly under the burden of its heavy load.

The failing company faced the burden of bad debts and a poor

reputation.

Parts of speech burden v

15

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4. counter v. To act in opposition to; to offer in response

The hockey player countered the punch with a smashing blow from

his hockey stick.

Jane countered every accusation with a specific example of her

achievements.

Parts of speech counter n, counter adj

5. de facto adj. Truly doing a job, even if not officially

Popular support established the Citizens Party as the de facto

government.

Parts of speech de facto adv

6. discriminate To choose carefully among options

The governor wisely discriminated between urgent issues and those

that could wait.

Parts of speech discriminatory adj, discriminate adj

7. notion n. A belief; a fanciful impulse

The notion that older office equipment is unreliable is inaccurate.

One morning, she suddenly took the notion to paint her kitchen red.

Usage tips Notion can be followed by a that clause or a to phrase.

8. oppress v. To keep down by force; to weigh heavily on

Factory management oppressed workers through intimidation.

Parts of speech oppression n

9. paradigm n. A pattern or model; a set of assumptions

The usual paradigm for economic growth in developed countries

does not apply to some poor nations.

Usage tips Paradigm is often followed by for.

Social Inequality 73

10. prejudiced adj. Causing to judge prematurely and unfairly

Many consumers are prejudiced against commercial goods made in

third-world countries.

Parts of speech prejudice v, prejudice n

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with

the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

biased counter de facto notion paradigm

1. During the trial, the defense lawyer __________ each claim with an

opposite charge.

2. The basketball coach was naturally __________ toward the taller

players.

3. After we saw the fancy car that the Jacobses bought, we gave

up the __________ that they could not afford the basic things in

life.

4. The battle was successful, as judged by the prevailing __________ of

that era.

5. Even though Jovie was a cleaner, not a nanny, she was the baby’s

__________ caregiver because his parents worked so many hours.

TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the

letter in the blank.

1. amend (a) relieve

2. burden (b) allow to operate freely

3. oppress (c) leave as is

4. indiscriminately (d) unbiased

5. prejudiced (e) by making careful choices

74 Society

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Nelson Mandela devoted his life to fighting prejudice in South Africa.

Mandela traveled his state, organizing a fight against discriminatory laws

and racial bias. He encouraged civil disobedience as a tool against the

oppression of Blacks. As deputy president of the African National

Congress, Mandela encouraged his fellow citizens to challenge the

prevailing paradigm of power. Mandela believed that prejudice burdened

not only the oppressed, but also the oppressors.

The government countered Mandela’s activities with a criminal

conviction. Still, Mandela’s de facto leadership gained him respect and

authority among his fellow citizens. Mandela’s courage

and popularity worried the ruling class, who did not want

to share power. What’s more, they refused to amend the

state’s laws. So when Mandela returned from an overseas

trip to gain support for his cause in 1962, he was arrested,

jailed, and sentenced to life in prison for various crimes.

This only fueled Mandela’s notions about inequality

and justice. He took his demands to jail, where he

demanded the same dress and safety gear for Black prisoners as for White

prisoners. After 28 years in prison, Mandela was released, returning

immediately to public life. In 1994, he was elected the president of South

Africa.

1. Which of the following best expresses the essential information of

this passage?

a. Nelson Mandela used illegal means to achieve his ends.

b. Nelson Mandela fought prejudice in South Africa.

c. Nelson Mandela inspired Blacks around the world.

d. Nelson Mandela was driven primarily by his religious beliefs.

2. In the passage, the word amend is closest in meaning to

a. ignore

b. write down

c. change

d. discuss

Social Inequality 75

Bonus Structure—

The ruling class

means those who

held power mostly

because of the

families they were

born into.

Lesson 15 Social Inequality

TOEFL Prep I 1. countered 2. biased 3. notion 4. paradigm

5. de facto

TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. e 5. d

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. c

76 Society

LESSON

Expertise

Target Words

1. curriculum 6. parochial

2. distinctly 7. rigor

3. erudite 8. roster

4. fortify 9. secular

5. implicitly 10. suspend

Definitions and Samples

1. curriculum n. The courses of study offered by an educational institution

The teachers met to design a new curriculum for the Intensive

English Program.

2. distinctly adv. Clearly

I distinctly remember saying that we would meet at noon.

Parts of speech distinction n, distinct adj

3. erudite adj. Highly educated

Even though Stella was only a freshman, she was considered erudite

by both her classmates and her professors.

4. fortify v. To strengthen

The high-priced drink had extra vitamins and minerals to fortify

the body.

Parts of speech fortification n

16

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5. implicitly adv. Without being stated; unquestioningly

By joining the competition, she agreed implicitly to the rules.

Parts of speech implicit adj

6. parochial adj. Restricted in outlook; relating to the local parish

Marla moved from her rural community to get away from its

parochial thinking.

Sending your children to a parochial school can cost as much as

sending them to college.

7. rigor n. Strictness; difficult situations that come from following rules

strictly

The wrestler followed his diet with rigor.

The rigors of military life toughened the young men quickly.

Parts of speech rigorous adj

8. roster n. A list, especially of names

Two of the names on the roster were misspelled.

9. secular adj. Worldly rather than spiritual; not related to religion

Few private schools in the United States are secular.

10. suspend v. To cause to stop for a period; to hang as to allow free

movement

The trial was suspended when the judge learned that one of the jury

members knew the defense lawyer.

The circus acrobat was suspended in midair.

Parts of speech suspension n, suspension adj

TOEFL Prep I For each word, choose the word that has the most

similar meaning. Write the letter of your choice on the line.

1. distinctly

(a) clearly (b) fully (c) softly (d) aggressively

78 Society

2. erudite

(a) strong (b) wise (c) complicated (d) plain

3. fortify

(a) weaken (b) contemplate (c) strengthen (d) reshape

4. rigor

(a) strictness (b) talent (c) peace (d) recklessness

5. suspend

(a) tie (b) fill (c) hang (d) throw

TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in

meaning to the underlined part of each sentence.Write it in the blank.

curriculum implicitly parochial roster secular

1. The class list showed that only 12 students had enrolled

for spring quarter.

2. Many parents feel that public schools are as good as

private, religious schools.

3. The principal requested parents’ feedback on the new

set of math classes.

4. In the United States, many private grade schools are

not affiliated with a religion.

5. The janitor agreed indirectly not to turn in the students.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In the last three decades, universities across the United States have

attempted to adapt their curriculums to meet the changing purposes of

higher education. University education was also once considered an

exclusive opportunity, with erudite scholars establishing courses based

on the goal of training a distinctly academic “elite.” These days, not every

Expertise 79

undergraduate is destined to become a scholar, and the roster of students

represents a more complete cross section of society, including minorities,

women, and returning students. These days, most learners attend

university to fortify basic skills, primarily learning how to learn and how

to express themselves. Far from its earlier religious or elitist image, the

university is seen increasingly as a secular center for career development,

where students know they will graduate into a competitive job market.

Most professors have embraced this evolution in the university’s role,

letting go of the traditional, parochial view of higher

education. On the other hand, many feel that while they want

to accommodate an adaptable curriculum, universities must

not suspend their obligation of establishing rigorous requirements

for education and graduation. Implicit in their

stance is support for the traditional liberal arts curriculum with a core of

classes required across disciplines.

1. According to information in the reading, which of the following sentences

would the author be most likely to agree with?

a. Universities are becoming increasingly exclusive.

b. A curriculum needs to be completely adaptable to students’ needs.

c. The role of higher education is changing, and so is the university

curriculum.

d. The cost of university puts it out of reach of many populations.

2. In this passage, the word elitist is closest in meaning to

a. superior

b. academic

c. populist

d. elegant

Lesson 16 Expertise

TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. roster 2. parochial 3. curriculum 4. secular

5. implicitly

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a

80 Society

Bonus Structure—

On the other

hand introduces an

opposing point.

LESSON

Military Operations

Target Words

1. allegiance 6. in the trenches

2. artillery 7. mobilize

3. battle 8. rank

4. cease 9. ratio

5. hierarchy 10. strategic

Definitions and Samples

1. allegiance n. Loyalty

My allegiance to my country is based on respect for its principles.

Usage tips Allegiance is commonly followed by a to phrase.

2. artillery n. Large guns that shoot powerful shells; army units that handle

such guns

An artillery barrage broke down the city’s thick walls within seconds.

The 47th Artillery fired on rebels camped in the city center.

Usage tips When it means a part of an army, artillery is sometimes

plural.

3. battle v. To fight against

The Viet Minh battled French forces at Dien Bien Phu for nearly

two months in 1954.

Parts of speech battle n

17

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4. cease v. Stop

The lightning continued even after the thunder had ceased.

Usage tips Cease is found in official statements, not usually in

everyday speech.

Parts of speech cessation n, ceaseless adj

5. hierarchy n. A system of levels that places people high or low according

to their importance

Starting as a lowly private, Burt Jones gradually rose through the

hierarchy of the army.

Usage tips Hierarchy is often followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech hierarchical adj, hierarchically adv

6. in the trenches adv’l. In the middle of the hardest fighting or work

With their unrealistic view of this war, our generals don’t know

what things are like out in the trenches.

Usage tips Creates an image of soldiers fighting in a long, dug-out

place in the battlefield.

7. mobilize v. To put members of a group into motion

After a terrible storm, the governor mobilized the National Guard

to rescue victims.

Parts of speech mobilization n

8. rank v. To put into a many-leveled order, depending on importance or

achievement

The Marines ranked Jim Hurst highest among all their officer candidates.

Parts of speech rank n

9. ratio n. The relationship of one number or amount to another

Military analysts say that the ratio of attackers to defenders in a

battle should be about three to one for the attackers to win.

Usage tips Ratio is very often followed by an of . . . to structure.

82 Society

10. strategic adj. Related to long-term plans for achieving a goal

The United States has formed strategic friendships with Tajikistan

and Mongolia to have Central Asian bases in the future.

Usage tips Strategic is often used with nouns for plans.

Parts of speech strategy n, strategize v, strategically adv

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word or phrase in the left-hand column.Write

the letter in the blank.

1. cease (a) stay still

2. artillery (b) not in the fighting

3. mobilize (c) continue

4. battle (d) make peace

5. in the trenches (e) light guns

TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in

meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the

blank.

allegiance hierarchy ranked ratio strategy

1. Destruction of the enemy’s radar defenses was rated very

high in the plan of attack.

2. The president’s constant mistakes weakened the army’s

loyalty to him.

3. Eventually, Gordon reached the highest level in the military’s

system of positions, that of five-star general.

4. The planet Mercury is so small that the proportion of its

volume to Earth’s is only about 1 to 20.

5. While other officers worried about day-to-day operations,

General Helvetski kept his eye on long-term

plans.

Military Operations 83

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Until a century ago, military medicine was poor at battling disease.The

ratio of soldiers killed by diseases to those killed in combat was probably

at least two to one. For strategic reasons, military camps were

often set up near a body of water.This gave some protection

from enemy artillery, but it exposed soldiers to diseasecarrying

mosquitoes. Mosquitoes also plagued troops in the

trenches. Low-ranking troops suffered the most. Officers who

were advanced enough in the hierarchy slept in separate tents

on high ground.

The long-held belief that disease resulted from evil spirits or bad air

eventually ceased to rule military medicine.The germ theory mobilized

actual science against disease. General George Washington ordered that

his men be vaccinated against smallpox.Their allegiance to him can be

measured by the fact that they obeyed, for Washington’s doctors used the

actual smallpox virus, not the safer vaccination that Edward Jenner would

introduce in 1798.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. Army officers were far healthier than common foot soldiers.

b. For a long time, a soldier was more likely to die of disease than in

battle.

c. Armies should camp on dry ground, not near water.

d. Diseases are caused by viruses and spread by mosquitoes.

2. Why does the author mention that military camps were often set up

near water?

a. to explain why soldiers were not usually killed by artillery

b. to show that officers and men did not mix

c. to explain how soldiers came into contact with disease-carrying

mosquitoes

d. to show that water was valuable in treating “camp fever”

84 Society

Bonus Structure—

Until a century

ago indicates that

the condition to

be described

stopped about

100 years ago.

Lesson 17 Military Operations

TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. e 3. a 4. d 5. b

TOEFL Prep II 1. ranked 2. allegiance 3. hierarchy 4. ratio

5. strategy

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. c

Military Operations 85

LESSON

War and Conquest

Target Words

1. annex 6. invasive

2. apex 7. prevailing

3. collapse 8. resist

4. conquest 9. severely

5. devise 10. violation

Definitions and Samples

1. annex v. To make something (usually land) part of another unit

Bardstown grew by annexing several farms at the north edge of

town.

Parts of speech annexation n, annex n

2. apex n. The highest point

Gregory knew that his running skills had to be at their apex during

the tournament.

Usage tips Apex is often used to describe the high point of someone’s

abilities.

3. collapse v. To fall down, usually because of weakness

Parts of speech collapse n, collapsible adj

18

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4. conquest n. A takeover by force or continued effort

The first recorded conquest of Mt. Everest was by Tensing Norgay

and Sir Edmund Hilary.

Usage tips Conquest is usually followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech conquer v

5. devise v. To find an original way to make an object or a plan

The soldiers devised a way to cross the river into enemy territory

without being seen.

Parts of speech device n

6. invasive adj. Aggressively entering into someone else’s territory

Surgery with a laser is less invasive than surgery with a knife or

scalpel.

Parts of speech invade v, invasion n, invader n

7. prevailing adj. Strongest or most common

The prevailing attitude among our neighbors is to be friendly but

not too friendly.

Parts of speech prevail v, prevalence n

8. resist v. To refuse to give in to a strong force or desire

Although many native nations resisted, the U.S. government eventually

took over almost all Indian land.

Parts of speech resistance n, resistant adj

9. severely adv. Harshly; extremely

Commanders severely punished any soldier who criticized the battle

plan.

Parts of speech severity n, severe adj

War and Conquest 87

10. violation n. An action that breaks a law or agreement; mistreatment

of something that deserves respect

The army’s testing of new weapons was a violation of the cease-fire

agreement.

The sculptures at Mt. Rushmore may be a violation of sacred Indian

land.

Usage tips Violation is often followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech violate v, violator n

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. severely (a) invent

2. prevailing (b) fall down

3. devise (c) add on

4. collapse (d) extremely

5. annex (e) most common

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The judge ruled that Harry was guilty of a (violation / conquest) of the

seat-belt law.

2. Because Dalmatia was protected by high mountains, the empire could

not (apex / annex) it.

3. We have to (conquest / devise) a way to fight this new disease.

4. Several armed groups joined together to (resist / collapse) the foreign

invaders.

5. The (prevailing / invasive) belief held that the enemy’s peace moves

were not sincere.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The Roman conquest of North Africa is, in the prevailing view, less

interesting than Rome’s European adventures. In truth, one of the first

88 Society

lands Rome annexed beyond the Italian peninsula was the area around

Carthage in North Africa. Carthage and Rome had been in conflict (called

the Punic Wars) since 264 BCE for control of trade along the

Mediterranean coast. In 202 BCE, during the Second Punic War, the

Carthaginian general Hannibal devised a clever plan, in violation of most

military wisdom, to march through the high Alps to attack the Roman

heartland. The cold weather and steep terrain severely stressed

Hannibal’s forces, many of whom rode elephants.The Romans resisted

Hannibal’s attacks, and his bold invasion force collapsed.

In the end, Rome finished off Carthage in the Third Punic

War (149–146 BCE). At its apex in 117 CE, Rome

controlled all of North Africa and territories from the

Persian Gulf to Britain.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. Romans were very successful at resisting invaders.

b. Hannibal tried crossing the Alps on elephants to invade Rome.

c. Rome and Carthage fought three wars, known as the Punic Wars.

d. One of Rome’s first overseas conquests was of the North African

state of Carthage.

2. The author of this passage believes that Hannibal’s attack on Rome

by crossing the Alps was __________.

a. not what most military commanders would do

b. exactly what the Roman army used to do

c. cruel to elephants

d. impractical because elephants can’t cross mountains

Lesson 18 War and Conquest

TOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. e 3. a 4. b 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. violation 2. annex 3. devise 4. resist

5. prevailing

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. a

War and Conquest 89

Bonus Structure—

In the end

introduces the last

stage of a long

process.

LESSON

History

Target Words

1. chronologically 6. diminish

2. coincide 7. longitude

3. consequence 8. milieu

4. core 9. Orwellian

5. deny 10. reconciliation

Definitions and Samples

1. chronologically adv. In order according to time

Allen’s book is arranged chronologically, from the First Crusade in

1095 to the fall of Granada in 1492.

Usage tips Chronologically is often used with arranged, organized,

listed, or some other word for order.

Parts of speech chronology n, chronological adj

2. coincide v. Happen or exist at the same time

The Viking attacks on western Europe coincided with an abnormally

warm period in the Earth’s climate.

Usage tips Coincide is often followed by a with phrase.

Parts of speech coincidence n, coincidental adj, coincidentally adv

3. consequence n. A result, often one much later in time than the cause

One consequence of global warming may be the flooding of lowlying

islands.

19

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Usage tips Consequence usually implies something negative or

serious about the result.

Parts of speech consequent adj, consequently adv

4. core n. an area or object at the center

The core of India’s film industry is in Bombay, where all but a few

film studios are located.

Usage tips Core is often followed by another noun (e.g., core

principle) or by an of phrase.

5. deny v. Say that something is not true

Movie star Allen Butcher denied that he and the Princess of Denmark

were getting married.

Usage tips Deny is often followed by the -ing form of a verb or by a

that clause.

Parts of speech denial n, deniably adv

6. diminish v. Make something smaller or weaker; become smaller or

weaker

The Protestant Reformation diminished the power of the Roman

Catholic Pope.

Mr. Partridge’s influence in the company diminished after he relocated

to a branch office.

7. longitude n. A system of imaginary lines running from north to south

along the Earth’s surface, where each line is numbered from 0º to

180° west or east

The prime meridian, a line running through Greenwich, England, is

marked as 0° longitude.

Parts of speech longitudinal adj, longitudinally adv

8. milieu n. General environment or surroundings

Many Vietnam veterans did not feel comfortable in the antiwar social

milieu of the 1970s.

History 91

9. Orwellian adj. Frightening and overcontrolled by a government that

interferes in nearly every aspect of personal life

Biometric devices like eye-scanners allow an Orwellian level of government

knowledge about everyone’s location.

10. reconciliation n. Coming back together peacefully after having been

South Africa avoided a bloodbath after apartheid by setting up a

Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Parts of speech reconcile v, reconciliatory adj

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. deny (a) say something isn’t true

2. chronologically (b) an end to being enemies

3. consequence (c) middle

4. reconciliation (d) in the order in which events

happened

5. core (e) result

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. When a nation becomes unwilling to listen to its allies, its international

influence will (deny / diminish).

2. The release of many new movies (coincides / consequences) with the

start of the holiday period.

3. The (core / milieu) of Roman power shifted to Constantinople after

Rome was attacked repeatedly by armies from the north.

4. As our government becomes better at monitoring us, an (Orwellian /

coincidental) future awaits us.

5. As you move directly east from one point on the Earth to another, your

(longitude / chronology) changes.

92 Society

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Revisionist history promotes a new view of chronological events, usually

for political purposes. Radical revisionists diminish the credibility of a

previous view and may even deny that certain events happened at all.

Some revisionist Asian historians have ignored long-standing conflicts

among native peoples and have explained Asia’s conflicts as a

consequence of colonialism and its class-oriented cultural

milieu. Good motives among the revisionists—to promote

reconciliation among traditional rivals—don’t excuse bad

history. History is valuable only if its stories coincide with

verifiable facts. From far away, an observer may see clearly

that a given conflict had nothing to do with colonialism

and a lot to do with 1,000-year-old rivalries. But this is

not likely to matter much to a confirmed revisionist

historian. At its core, revisionism—by the government in

particular—is an Orwellian exercise in thought control,

not honest science.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. Historians constantly revise history in the light of new facts.

b. Revisionist history is less concerned with accuracy than with promoting

a point of view.

c. A new way of studying history, revisionism, has been very successful

in Asia.

d. Revisionist history is the only way to accurately relate events.

2. Why does the author of this reading mention Asia?

a. because it offers an example of attempts at revisionist history

b. because a civil war occurred between revisionists and others

c. because it is the birthplace of revisionist history

d. because it was colonized by Europeans and needs a revisionist

history

History 93

Bonus Structure—

Good motives

don’t excuse

bad history. Even

though revisionists

are trying to

achieve a good

social goal, they

shouldn’t distort

history to do so.

Lesson 19 History

TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. d 3. e 4. b 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. diminish 2. coincides 3. core 4. Orwellian

5. longitude

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. a

94 Society

Money

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LESSON

Financial Systems

Target Words

1. allocate 6. net

2. commodity 7. per capita

3. decline 8. regulate

4. equity 9. subsidy

5. inflation 10. tangible

Definitions and Samples

1. allocate v. To give out different amounts for different purposes

The budget allocates $58 billion to the military and only about

$2 billion to education.

Usage tips Things that can be allocated are things that can be

“spent”—money, time, energy, etc.

Parts of speech allocation n

2. commodity n. A thing that can be bought and sold, such as grain, oil,

or wood

Tulip bulbs were one of the most valuable commodities in

seventeenth-century Holland.

Usage tips A thing is called a commodity only in the context of

buying or selling it.

20

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3. decline v. To decrease in power or amount

America’s railroads declined because the automobile dominated

American life.

Parts of speech decline n

4. equity n. The value of one’s share in an investment

Barnard’s equity in the business was one-third, or about $350,000.

Usage tips In this meaning, equity is always singular and usually

followed by an in phrase.

5. inflation n. A situation in which prices for many items rise quite fast

During the rapid inflation of the 1970s, prices for food and fuel

sometimes rose 20 percent in a single month.

Parts of speech inflate v, inflationary adj

6. net adj. After all costs have been subtracted from an amount

My gross salary is around $35,000, but my net pay is closer to

$29,000.

Parts of speech net v, net n

7. per capita adv. For each person

Research shows we’re likely to sell 15 light bulbs per capita per

year in medium-sized cities.

Parts of speech per capita adj

8. regulate v. Control according to a set of rules

Trading on the New York Stock Exchange is regulated by officials of

the exchange and by federal law.

Parts of speech regulation n, regulatory adj

9. subsidy n. Money given by a government or other organization to support

an activity

Federal subsidies to grain farmers have helped them stay in business

despite three years of bad weather.

Parts of speech subsidize v

98 Money

10. tangible adj. Obviously real because it can be seen, touched, or otherwise

observed

One tangible benefit of putting electrical cables underground is a

clearer view of the sky.

TOEFL Prep I Cross out the one word or phrase that doesn’t fit

into each of the lists.

1. things that can be allocated

money time temperature attention

2. kinds of commodities

oil sadness corn meat

3. tangible things

fairness a road trees money

4. things you can have equity in

a company a house a child a racehorse

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Buy a car now, before (equity / inflation) drives the price up.

2. Most investors make a mistake. During a stock-market (decline /

subsidy) they get frightened and sell.

3. The government is giving a (regulation / subsidy) to tobacco farmers

so they can compete with foreign producers.

4. Cortecal Inc. estimates that it spends $80.00 (per capita / net) on

its annual picnic and on its New Year party for the company’s 1,300

employees.

5. I think that artificial “holidays”like Valentine’s Day or Secretary’s Day

are just an attempt to turn private feelings into a(n) (commodity /

equity).

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The great unsettled question of economics is: “How much should the

government regulate business?” Conservatives generally argue for a

Financial Systems 99

decline in government involvement, but they favor certain subsidies to

farmers, steelmakers, or airplane manufacturers. Some conservatives also

see no conflict between their small-government views and their eagerness

for the government to allocate more money for roads into national forests.

The net result of these incursions into national forests is a tangible

infrastructure that helps some companies but not the public. Publicly

owned trees, land, and oil become commodities from which a

few private companies (many owned by small-government

conservatives) profit. No per capita benefit goes to the

American people, aside perhaps from the brief anti-inflation

effect that comes with new oil exploration.

1. What is the main idea of this reading?

a. Conservatives have tried to keep others from expanding government

regulations.

b. Even though conservatives say they want to limit government involvement

in business, they actually do often favor it.

c. There are several views about the proper role for government in

business.

d. Small-government conservatives want the government to allocate a

certain amount of federal money per capita to help all Americans.

2. Which of the following does the author claim?

a. Industries will become subsidies.

b. Oil exploration causes inflation.

c. Some elements of nature will become commodities.

d. Infrastructure will be made of trees, oil, and land.

Lesson 20 Financial Systems

TOEFL Prep I 1. temperature 2. sadness 3. fairness 4. a child

TOEFL Prep II 1. inflation 2. decline 3. subsidy 4. per capita

5. commodity

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. c

100 Money

Bonus Structure—

Aside perhaps

from means

“maybe except for.”

LESSON

Wealth and Social Class

Target Words

1. accumulate 6. nobility

2. affluence 7. prestige

3. elite 8. privileged

4. impoverish 9. prosper

5. luxury 10. working class

Definitions and Samples

1. accumulate v. To build up a large amount of something

Over several generations, the Hardington family accumulated vast

wealth by buying and selling land.

Parts of speech accumulation n

2. affluence n. Wealth and the style of life that goes with it

Mohadzir grew up amid affluence, which poorly prepared him for

his grad student days in crowded apartments with no servants.

Parts of speech affluent adj

3. elite adj. Belonging to a special, honored group

Messner is an elite climber who recently ascended an 8,000-meter

mountain without extra oxygen.

Parts of speech elite n, elitist adj

21

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4. impoverish v. To make a person or group poor

The collapse of the steel industry impoverished several counties in

eastern Ohio.

Parts of speech impoverishment n

5. luxury n. Extreme comfort, beyond what anyone needs

Automakers try to give their cars an image of luxury by including

extras like heated seats and satellite tracking systems.

Parts of speech luxuriate v, luxurious adj

6. nobility n. A group of socially prominent people with special titles

given by a king or queen, such as “duke”or “countess”

In the Middle Ages, the nobility supposedly followed a code that

required them to take care of poorer people who lived near their

estates.

Usage tips Nobility is used as a name for a group of distinguished

people; it can also mean “a highly dignified form of behavior.”

Parts of speech noble n, noble adj

7. prestige n. Honor and respect for being better than the average

The Grassleys enjoyed the prestige of living in the historic town, but

they did not feel at home there.

Parts of speech prestigious adj

8. privileged adj. Able to enjoy special advantages because of one’s

position (usually because of being born into a wealthy or powerful

family)

Despite his privileged position in one of America’s most powerful

families, the politician tried to portray himself as an ordinary

person.

Parts of speech privilege n

9. prosper v. To do very well in one’s business or personal life

Vargas prospered after finally patenting his new inventions.

102 Money

Usage tips A person can prosper; so can a group, a company, or an

area.

Parts of speech prosperity n, prosperous adj

10. working class n. People with low-paying (often unskilled) jobs who

are not poor but who are not securely in the middle class

The Farrelly family, like other members of the working class, were

proud of their jobs and did not want any handouts from charity or

the government.

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

Note: Many words in this chapter are similar in meaning. Pay careful

attention to small differences in meaning.

1. impoverish (a) enjoying special advantages

2. elite (b) to succeed

3. prosper (c) to make extremely poor

4. accumulate (d) belonging to a small group

with excellent achievements

5. privileged (e) build up wealth

TOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in the blank

with the best word or phrase from the list. Change the form of the

word if necessary. Use each word only once.

affluence luxury nobility prestige working class

1. The __________ in the hotel was obvious from such features as solidgold

faucets and stairs made of Italian marble.

2. In a show of his extreme __________, Jim Lavich flew 1,500 people

to the Bahamas for his wife’s birthday party and ordered 300 casks

of wine for them to drink.

3. The oldest and most respected furniture maker in western Michigan,

VanEden Inc., earned its __________ by using good materials and listening

to its customers.

Wealth and Social Class 103

4. France’s __________ was dismantled after the royal family was killed

and lesser aristocrats were jailed during the revolution.

5. In the United States, many __________ families do not have health insurance

because their employers don’t offer it.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The United States is not the land of equal opportunity.There are no titles

of nobility as in Europe, but astounding affluence is passed on in

privileged families, and this makes all the difference. Studies

in the 1970s found that a child of the elite and a child of the

working class may start out with similar intelligence and

drive, but the rich child is about 30 times more likely to

prosper. The rich child goes to high-prestige schools, where

his or her education may be only slightly above average, but

where the child accumulates friendships with future leaders.

The privileged child becomes comfortable with luxury and is

at ease in situations where powerful people meet.The working-class child

from a less-prestigious college is not likely to wind up impoverished, but

neither is he or she likely to attend many parties of Yale or Vassar alumni.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. The American economy is unfair and must be changed.

b. Rich people have natural advantages in education and social contacts

that help them succeed.

c. Children accept one another as friends; only later in life do differences

of wealth drive them apart.

d. The only way to make money in America is to work and accumulate

it yourself.

2. Why does the author of this reading mention Yale and Vassar?

a. They are elite schools attended by many future leaders.

b. They are where government officials have secret meetings.

104 Money

Bonus Structure—

The reference to

studies in the

1970s indicates

some objective

evidence for the

author’s point.

c. They try to give working-class children a chance they can’t get at

other schools.

d. Their high fees impoverish working-class children.

Lesson 21 Wealth and Social Class

TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. e 5. a

TOEFL Prep II 1. luxury 2. affluence 3. prestige 4. nobility

5. working class

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. a

Wealth and Social Class 105

LESSON

Personal Property

Target Words

1. acquire 6. lease

2. assess 7. liability

3. asset 8. proprietor

4. hazardous 9. safeguard

5. jointly 10. sole

Definitions and Samples

1. acquire v. To get something, usually something with special value or

meaning

Bart hoped to acquire the 1898 D Indian Head penny, which would

make his collection complete.

Usage tips Unlike get, acquire implies that a possession has special

value or meaning.

Parts of speech acquisition n, acquisitive adj

2. assess v. To estimate the value of something

The Barnes building was assessed at $1.3 million, but it can probably

sell for much more than that.

Parts of speech assessor n, assessment n

3. asset n. A possession that has positive value

Usage tips Some examples of assets are real estate, cash, and stock

shares.

22

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4. hazardous adj. Dangerous

Parents have to be careful not to buy children’s clothes and toys

made of hazardous materials.

Parts of speech hazard n, hazardously adv

5. jointly adv. Together with one or more other parties

In most states, a husband and wife are assumed to own all their

possessions jointly.

Parts of speech join v, joint n

6. lease v. To rent something for a long time (several months or years)

Some drivers prefer to lease a car rather than buy one.

Parts of speech lease n, lessor n, lessee n

7. liability n. Legal responsibility for harming a person or property; a disadvantage

Before you go river rafting, you sign a document releasing the trip

leaders from liability in case of injury.

Henderson is just a liability to our work team, because he never finishes

anything on time.

Usage tips In its second meaning, liability is often followed by a to

phrase.

Parts of speech liable adj

8. proprietor n. Owner, usually of a business or a building

The proprietor of Hekman’s Windows is Nels Hekman, grandson of

the people who established the factory.

Usage tips Very often, proprietor is followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech proprietary adj

9. safeguard v. To protect

A burglar-alarm system safeguards our house when we go away on

vacation.

Usage tips Safeguard implies continuous protection over a long time.

Personal Property 107

10. sole adj. Only

Many people have wanted to invest in Harry’s publishing business,

but he remains the sole owner.

Usage tips Sole almost always appears before the noun it modifies. It

does not come after a linking verb like be.

Parts of speech solely adv

TOEFL Prep I Find the word that is closest in meaning to each

word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. assess (a) dangerous

2. hazardous (b) evaluate

3. jointly (c) protect

4. liability (d) responsibility

5. safeguard (e) together

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The building company is trying to (safeguard / acquire) the whole

neighborhood so it can put up a mall.

2. To the average farm family, every child was (an asset / a liability), one

more set of hands to gather eggs or plant beans.

3. Gary’s Cookie Shop has to move because the owner of the building

won’t renew the (lease / asset).

4. The (hazardous / sole) adult influence on Sarah as she grew up was

her grandmother.

5. Some people are born with the disease, but others (acquire / assess)

it later in life.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

It is not easy to make a living as the proprietor of apartment buildings.

There is a huge initial expense, not only to acquire the properties but to

assess the buildings and to remove any hazardous materials like lead-

108 Money

based paint. A landlord also has to buy the best liability insurance

available just to safeguard the investment. Otherwise, one

tragic accident could wipe out the value of the entire asset.

Because of this expense, it’s rare to find a sole individual

owning such a property.The risk is more often taken on

jointly by a group of investors who then split the profits

from the leases.

1. What is the main idea of this reading?

a. Being a landlord is enjoyable.

b. It costs a lot of money to be a landlord.

c. Friendships can be destroyed by owning property jointly.

d. Income from leases is greater than a landlord’s expenses.

2. Which of the following is not an expense mentioned in the reading?

a. property taxes

b. insurance

c. making the property safe

d. buying the building you hope to rent

Lesson 22 Personal Property

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. a 3. e 4. d 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. acquire 2. asset 3. lease 4. sole 5. acquire

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. a

Personal Property 109

Bonus Structure—

It’s rare is the

opposite of “it’s

common.”

LESSON

Employment

Target Words

1. compensate 6. industrious

2. dynamic 7. marginal

3. enterprising 8. merit

4. exploit 9. promote

5. incentive 10. resign

Definitions and Samples

1. compensate v. To give an employee money or other things in exchange

for the work he or she does

My pay doesn’t properly compensate me for my efforts, but my

other benefits, like health insurance, fill in the gap.

Usage tips Compensate is often followed by a for phrase.

Parts of speech compensation n, compensatory adj

2. dynamic adj. Full of energy

This job requires a dynamic person, someone who will look for

opportunities instead of just waiting around for them.

Parts of speech dynamism n, dynamically adv

23

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3. enterprising adj. Creative in thinking of ways to make money

Immigrants are often among the most enterprising members of society,

partly because anyone brave enough to make an overseas move

is likely to be a risk-taker.

Parts of speech enterprise n (Note:There is no verb “to enterprise.”)

4. exploit v. To take advantage of; to treat inconsiderately in order to

profit

The company tried to exploit the low interest rates to expand operations.

The foreign mining company exploited our copper resources and

then simply left.

Parts of speech exploitation n, exploitive adj

5. incentive n. A possible benefit that motivates a person to do a certain

thing

This city’s willingness to support its public schools gave us an

incentive to move here with our two young children.

Usage tips Incentive is usually followed by a to phrase.

6. industrious adj. Willing to work hard

The Dutch settlements in Ottawa County were founded by industrious

farmers who objected to frivolous behavior such as dancing.

Usage tips Only people can be industrious; companies cannot.

Parts of speech industriousness n, industriously adv

7. marginal adj. Not very significant or effective

Our new advertising campaign had only marginal success, raising

sales by a mere 3 percent.

Parts of speech marginally adv

8. merit n. Value; success based on one’s work, not on luck

Pay raises at our company are based on merit, as determined by a

committee of managers.

Employment 111

Usage tips Merit is uncountable.

Parts of speech merit v, meritorious adj

9. promote v. To move someone to a higher position in a company

Because of his excellent handling of the Vredeman account, Jim

Harris was promoted to vice president.

Usage tips Promote is very often followed by a to phrase indicating

the position one has been moved up to.

Parts of speech promotion n

10. resign v. To quit one’s job

Because of controversy over his leadership style, Morton resigned

from his job as president.

Parts of speech resignation n

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. compensate (a) good at finding business

opportunities

2. dynamic (b) hard-working

3. enterprising (c) energetic

4. industrious (d) move up

5. promote (e) pay

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Some companies move their factories to poor countries in order to

(exploit / compensate) the desperation of people who are willing to

work for very low wages.

2. For the last five years, we’ve seen only (dynamic / marginal) improvements

in our productivity.

3. Judging by actual money-generating (promotion / merit),Williams

is the company’s most valuable employee.

112 Money

4. I had a lot of (compensation / incentive) to move to our new facility

in Minnesota, because two of my brothers live there.

5. Unless my employer stops polluting local rivers, I’m going to (resign /

exploit).

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In the 1960s and 1970s, America was reaching the end of its role as a

manufacturing power. Old-style systems of compensation, especially

company pension plans, were impoverishing many companies.

Much to the disadvantage of less-industrious

workers, companies started demanding merit, not just

seniority, before someone could be promoted. Many

managers who were only marginally effective were

encouraged to resign. These changes were painful, but

unavoidable, symptoms of a growth spurt in the U.S. economy. Economies

grow and change just as people do. A truly enterprising businessperson

knows how to exploit these large changes and become involved in

tomorrow’s dynamic businesses, not yesterday’s. There’s still plenty of

money to be made in America, a very effective incentive for workers to

adapt to new conditions.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. Most companies cannot afford to compensate their employees like

they used to.

b. Anyone interested in making a lot of money should move to the

United States.

c. The 1960s and 1970s were times of great change for the American

economy.

d. Just as retailers adapt to economic change, so must manufacturers.

2. The author of this article expresses a negative opinion about

__________.

a. businesspersons

b. workers who depended on seniority for promotion

Employment 113

Bonus Structure—

Especially

introduces an

outstanding

example.

c. companies that exploit changes in the economy

d. the American economy as a whole

Lesson 23 Employment

TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. exploit 2. marginal 3. merit 4. incentive

5. resign

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. b

114 Money

LESSON

International Trade

Target Words

1. distill 6. merchant

2. entrepreneurial 7. proportionately

3. extract 8. prototype

4. haggle 9. reward

5. intrepid 10. shuttle

Definitions and Samples

1. distill v. to remove one liquid from a mixture of liquids by boiling; to

get something valuable from a confusing mix of ideas

The forest peoples of Southeast Asia distill an alcoholic drink called

arak from a paste of palm berries.

Most students are confused by her lectures, but Joe can always

distill her main idea.

Parts of speech distillation n, distillery n

2. entrepreneurial adj. Able to create business opportunities from a wide

variety of circumstances

Many engineers of the 1970s made great computers, but only a few

were entrepreneurial enough to see the business possibilities in the

new machines.

Parts of speech entrepreneur n

24

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3. extract v. To take out

International mining companies came to the Malay Peninsula to

extract the region’s massive tin deposits.

Parts of speech extraction n, extractor n

4. haggle v. To argue back and forth about a price

The customer and the shopkeeper haggled over the silver plate for

more than an hour.

Usage tips Haggle is often followed by a phrase with over or about.

Parts of speech haggler n

5. intrepid adj. Fearless

For nearly 200 years, only the most intrepid colonists would cross

the Appalachian Mountains.

6. merchant n. A person who makes a living by selling things

The spice merchants of the eastern markets charged top prices to

the Dutch and British sailors, who had come too far to sail away

without buying.

Usage tips The word merchant might be preceded by another noun

telling what the merchant sells (e.g., spice merchant or wine

merchant).

Parts of speech merchandise v, merchandise n, mercantile adj

7. proportionately adv. In an amount appropriate to each of several

recipients

The food aid was distributed proportionately per family, with larger

families receiving more.

Parts of speech proportion n, proportionate adj, proportionally adv

8. prototype n. The first one made of a machine or system

The airplane manufacturer uses robots to test every prototype, just

in case there is a problem with the design.

116 Money

9. reward n. Something one gets for having done well

The greatest reward of being a parent is to see your child make a

wise decision.

Usage tips Reward might be followed by an of or for phrase naming

what one has done well.

Parts of speech reward v

10. shuttle v. To move back and forth often between two places

The small jet shuttles between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore nearly

every two hours.

Parts of speech shuttle n

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. haggle (a) brave

2. intrepid (b) in appropriate amounts

3. extract (c) argue about price

4. entrepreneurial (d) take out

5. proportionately (e) business-oriented

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. To avoid disease, many people drink only (distilled / extracted) water,

which has been boiled to evaporation and then recondensed on a cold

surface.

2. Most business travelers do not find it exciting to (haggle / shuttle) between

one location and another.

3. According to the laws in this state, tobacco can be sold only by certain

licensed (merchants / entrepreneurs) at special tobacco stores.

4. One early (reward / prototype) of the computer was called ENIAC

and was as big as an average-sized laboratory.

5. The children were punished (intrepidly / proportionately), with the

leader getting a longer sentence than the followers.

International Trade 117

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Tomatoes, potatoes, and hot peppers, all originally from South or Central

America, are among several plants that have disproportionately

influenced cooking around the world. This happened only after a few

intrepid eaters got beyond common fears about potatoes, tomatoes, and

other products. Entrepreneurial hunters for new food products hardly

knew what they were haggling for when they tried to extract from

foreign markets goods that would sell well at home. Shuttling between

Europe and exotic lands, Italians, Spaniards, and Britons in particular

brought back food prototypes that were not obviously good things to

eat—cinnamon bark, cousins of the dreaded nightshade

(tomatoes), and even the pollen from a crocus flower (saffron).

As a glance at international cookbooks will show, many

creative merchants were well rewarded not just with financial

success, but with culture-changing influence.

1. According to this reading, why did merchants have “culture-changing

influence”?

a. They found new ways to get from one country to another.

b. Many of the plants they sold were poisonous and killed off some

populations.

c. They made it possible for cultures to develop new dishes.

d. They spread European cooking habits around the world.

2. Cinnamon, tomatoes, and saffron are mentioned to make the point that

__________.

a. many of the new plants merchants introduced were from Asia

b. some strange-looking foods from odd sources were eventually

accepted

c. nightshade was unfairly dreaded by Europeans

d. nearly every part of a plant can be turned into a kind of food

118 Money

Bonus Structure—

As a glance at

introduces evidence

for the author’s

claim.

Lesson 24 International Trade

TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. e 5. b

TOEFL Prep II 1. distilled 2. shuttle 3. merchants

4. prototype 5. proportionately

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. b

International Trade 119

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Government

and Justice

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LESSON

Politics

Target Words

1. advocate 6. contest

2. authority 7. election

3. bitterly 8. inaugurate

4. candidate 9. policy

5. coalition 10. poll

Definitions and Samples

1. advocate v. To speak out in favor of something

Some environmentalists advocate removing large dams from the

Columbia River.

Usage tips Advocate is usually followed by a term for a process or

action, very often the -ing form of a verb

Parts of speech advocate n, advocacy n

2. authority n. The power to make decisions, to tell others what to do.

The governor has the authority to call the legislature together for

emergency sessions.

Usage tips A to phrase often follows authority.

Parts of speech authorize v, authoritative adj

25

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3. bitterly adv. Strongly and with a lot of bad feelings

Senator Thomas bitterly opposed the movement to design a new

state flag.

Parts of speech bitterness n, bitter adj

4. candidate n. Someone who wants to be chosen, especially in an election,

for a position

In most U.S. elections, there are only two major-party candidates for

president.

Usage tips Candidate is often followed by a for phrase.

Parts of speech candidacy n

5. coalition n. A group of several different groups or countries that are

working together to achieve a certain goal.

Several local churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples formed

a coalition to promote understanding among people of different

religions.

6. contest v. To challenge

Dave Roper, who narrowly lost the mayor’s race, contested the results,

demanding a recount of the votes.

Usage tips The noun contest can mean a game, especially one played

for a prize.

Parts of speech contest n

7. election n. A process in which people choose officials

Because of problems with vote-counting four years ago, international

observers monitored this year’s election to make sure it

was fair.

Parts of speech elect v, elective adj

8. inaugurate v. To bring into public office; to start formally

The U.S. president is elected in November but is not inaugurated

until the following January.

124 Government and Justice

An effort to bring electric service to farms and small towns was

inaugurated with the Rural Electrification Act of 1936.

Usage tips When it means “bring into public office,” inaugurate is

usually in the passive voice.

Parts of speech inauguration n, inaugural adj

9. policy n. An approved way for approaching a certain kind of situation

The policy said that government money could not be given to any

private hospital.

10. poll v. To find out a small group’s opinion so that you can guess what

a much larger group thinks

The newspaper polled 500 registered voters and found that only 27

percent were in favor of expanding the city zoo.

Parts of speech poll n, pollster n

TOEFL Prep I Find the phrase that best describes each word in

the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. policy (a) a process of choosing

2. candidate (b) a kind of power

3. authority (c) a kind of person

4. coalition (d) a way of handling a situation

5. election (e) a kind of group

TOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in each blank

with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

advocated bitterly contest inaugurated polled

1. In the early twentieth century, politicians fought __________ about

whether the U.S. dollar should be based on gold.

2. Only one month after he was __________, President Harrison fell

sick and died.

Politics 125

3. My opponent says that I cheated on my taxes. I __________ that

charge, and I will prove him wrong.

4. Their predictions about the election results were not very accurate because

they __________ too few people in advance.

5. Last year, the Freedom Party __________ giving medical treatment

even to people who could not pay for it.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In the history of U.S. presidential elections, the year 1876 stands out as

one of the oddest.That year, polls suggested that one person had won the

popular vote but another had won more official electoral votes—just as

happened in the year 2000. In 1876, however, the election was so bitterly

contested that a special electoral commission was given the authority

to determine which candidate—Republican Rutherford B. Hayes or

Democrat Samuel J. Tilden—had won. This commission represented a

coalition of interests.The Democrats favored this because otherwise the

head of the Senate, Republican Thomas Ferry,would probably have been

allowed to declare the winner. In the end, the Democrats were disappointed,

as the commission advocated the Republican cause. The

situation was not settled until March 2 of 1877, only three

days before the scheduled inauguration of a new president—

Hayes, as it turned out. Only then did America find out who

its new leader would be. Americans seem not to have learned

many lessons from 1876, however, because in 2000 there was

still no official policy on how to settle an election that hung

on a few contested votes. The problem was settled (by the

Supreme Court) much faster in 2000, but still, no real system had been set

up to deal with the situation.

126 Government and Justice

Bonus Structure—

As it turned out

is an adverbial

clause indicating an

eventual resolution

of a long-standing

problem.

1. In what way was the 1876 election even odder than that in 2000?

a. It happened much earlier.

b. It involved only two major candidates.

c. One person won the popular vote and another won the electoral

vote.

d. The uncertainty over who would win the presidency lasted many

months.

2. Who decided the outcome of the 1876 election?

a. a special electoral commission

b. Thomas Ferry

c. the Supreme Court

d. Rutherford B. Hayes

Lesson 25 Politics

TOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. e 5. a

TOEFL Prep II 1. bitterly 2. inaugurated 3. contest 4. polled

5. advocated

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. a

Politics 127

LESSON

A Reasonable Doubt

Target Words

1. accuse 6. offense

2. allegedly 7. peer

3. civil 8. suspect

4. convict 9. verdict

5. guilty 10. witness

Definitions and Samples

1. accuse v. To say that someone did something wrong (e.g., committed

a crime)

Jordan was accused of using a stolen credit card to buy about $300

worth of electronic equipment.

Usage tips Accuse is often used in the passive voice.

Parts of speech accusation n, accuser n

2. allegedly adv. According to what people say

The chief financial officer of the company allegedly took company

money for his personal use.

Parts of speech allege v, allegation n

3. civil adj. Involving a dispute between two citizens, not a criminal charge

In a civil suit against his neighbor, Barney claimed that the neighbor’s

dog had bitten him.

26

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Usage tips In a court context, civil almost always appears in one of

the following phrases: civil suit, civil action, civil court, civil

proceedings, and civil penalties.

4. convict v. To decide that someone is guilty of a crime

Dean was convicted of assault after the jury saw a video of him

striking another man.

Usage tips Convict is often used in the passive voice.

Parts of speech convict n, conviction n

5. guilty adj. Responsible for doing something bad

The jury found that the director was guilty of embezzlement.

Usage tips Guilty is often followed by an of phrase that names a

crime or bad deed.

Parts of speech guilt n, guiltily adv

6. offense n. A specific act that breaks the law

Convicted twice of reckless driving,Victor will lose his license if he

commits another serious traffic offense.

Parts of speech offender n, offensive adj

7. peer n. A person who is one’s social equal

In requiring judgment by “a jury of one’s peers,” U.S. law meant to

protect lower-class defendants from the possibly biased judgment of

upper-class juries.

8. suspect n. Someone who, in the opinion of the police, might have committed

a certain crime

The police were investigating the activities of five suspects in the

liquor-store robbery.

Parts of speech suspect v, suspicion n, suspicious adj,

suspiciously adv

A Reasonable Doubt 129

9. verdict n. A judgment in a court case

It took the jury only 30 minutes to reach a verdict of “guilty.”

Usage tips Verdict is often the object of the verbs reach or

arrive at.

10. witness v. To see something, especially a crime, happen

After witnessing the car theft, Rodney called the police.

Parts of speech witness n

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the

blank.

1. accuse (a) to determine that someone is

guilty

2. convict (b) responsible for a crime

3. civil (c) a social equal

4. guilty (d) being related to a personal

dispute, not a crime

5. peer (e) to say someone did a bad

thing

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The most likely (suspect / witness) in the murder was the victim’s

brother, but no one actually saw the crime.

2. The new president (allegedly / guiltily) had his main opponents killed,

but he denies it.

3. At one time in the United States, possession of marijuana was a minor

(verdict / offense).

4. The (witness / peer) made a poor impression on the jury because he

couldn’t remember many details about the crime scene.

5. Juries are instructed to arrive at a unanimous (verdict / convict), one

agreeable to all members of the jury.

130 Government and Justice

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

One of the most controversial murder cases of the twentieth century was

that involving the death of Marilyn Sheppard in 1954. Her husband, Dr.

Sam Sheppard, was accused of killing her and then injuring himself. An

unlikely suspect, Sheppard was highly respected by his peers in the

medical world. Still, there were odd aspects to the murder that Sheppard

could not explain away. Unfortunately for Sheppard, none of his

supporters actually witnessed the crime, so nobody could back up

Sheppard’s claim that the real killer was a bushy-haired man whom

Sheppard had chased across his lawn and fought with briefly.

Sheppard was eventually convicted of the offense, but

many people doubted the verdict.With aggressive help

from a lawyer named F. Lee Bailey, Sheppard got a new

trial. Bailey suggested many alternatives to Sheppard’s

guilt, enough that the new jury could not say he was guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt. Sheppard was released from

prison but died soon afterward. His son, Chip, pursued the

case through several civil and criminal proceedings in an attempt to find

out the truth about his mother’s murder. Late in the 1990s, new DNA

analysis techniques proved that someone other than Sam Sheppard and

his family had been in the house that night. Sheppard’s story about the

bushy-haired man had probably been accurate all along.

1. Why was the Sheppard case unusual?

a. A husband was accused of murdering his wife.

b. The murder occurred in 1954.

c. Doubt about the guilty verdict led to a second trial.

d. The accused murderer said he didn’t do it.

2. The author of this article implies that Sam Sheppard __________

a. did not kill his wife

b. lied about the bushy-haired man

c. did not love his wife

d. married again after he got out of prison

A Reasonable Doubt 131

Bonus Structure—

The clause containing

but and

doubt signals

that arguments

against the verdict

will be given.

Lesson 26 A Reasonable Doubt

TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. suspect 2. allegedly 3. offense 4. witness

5. verdict

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a

132 Government and Justice

LESSON

The Police

Target Words

1. apprehend 6. implicate

2. ascertain 7. inquiry

3. bureaucratic 8. intrusively

4. condemn 9. seize

5. evidence 10. surveillance

Definitions and Samples

1. apprehend v. To capture

The police apprehended the robbery suspect as he tried to get on a

bus to Chicago.

Parts of speech apprehension n

2. ascertain v. To make sure of

The police failed to ascertain that the man they arrested was the

Gregory Brown they were really looking for.

Usage tips Ascertain is often followed by a that clause. Notice that

the root of the word is the adjective certain, meaning “sure.”

3. bureaucratic adj. Related to a large organization with a lot of complicated

procedures

Before I could speak with the chief, I had to go through a

bureaucratic runaround of identity checks and written requests.

27

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Usage tips Bureaucratic implies that something is inefficient and

unnecessarily complicated.

Parts of speech bureaucracy n

4. condemn v. To speak out against something in very strong terms

Religious radicals condemned the government for allowing alcohol

to be sold in restaurants.

Parts of speech condemnation n

5. evidence n. Something that makes the truth of a statement seem more

likely

The most convincing evidence that Garner robbed the store was a

videotape from surveillance cameras.

Parts of speech evidence v, evident adj, evidently adv

6. implicate v. To suggest that someone was involved in a crime or other

wrong behavior

No group claimed responsibility for the bombing, but the type of

explosive used implicates the Heartland Freedom Militia.

Usage tips Implicate is often followed by in.

Parts of speech implication n

7. inquiry n. An investigation

The FBI launched an inquiry into the relationship between organized

crime and the trucking company.

Parts of speech inquire v

8. intrusively adv. In a way that brings an unwanted person or thing into

someone else’s affairs

The new consultant from company headquarters appeared

intrusively at meetings, staff parties, and other functions where he

was not wanted.

Parts of speech intrude v, intrusion n, intruder n, intrusive adj

134 Government and Justice

9. seize v. To take something against its owner’s will

Federal agents can seize private homes and other property possibly

used in the production or sale of illegal drugs.

Parts of speech seizure n

10. surveillance n. A process of watching something or someone for a

long time, usually because the person is suspected of something

Police surveillance of one suspected car thief resulted in the arrest

of a whole gang of carjackers.

Usage tips Surveillance is often followed by an of phrase.

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. ascertain (a) unnoticeably

2. intrusively (b) simple and straightforward

3. seize (c) give back

4. condemn (d) cause doubt about

5. bureaucratic (e) praise

TOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in the blank

with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

apprehend evidence implicate inquiry surveillance

1. Officials could not __________ Basil because people in villages and

towns throughout the country were willing to hide him.

2. During their __________ of O’Brien’s house, detectives audiotaped his

phone conversations.

3. Until we finish our __________ into the disappearance of the cash, all

employees are suspects.

4. Even if there is __________, such as fingerprints, that might

__________ someone in a crime, there might be other indications that

the person is innocent.

The Police 135

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens from

unreasonable search and seizure. Some civil libertarians have

condemned the federal antidrug bureaucracy for threatening this basic

right. In a drug case, police need no evidence to intrude on private

property, apprehend a suspected dealer, and seize all the person’s

property. Property taken under this law may be sold for a profit later

by the law-enforcement officials involved in the raid. The target of a

raid might be implicated only by an unreliable report from an unfriendly

neighbor. The police are not required to ascertain whether

there’s any physical evidence of drug activity at the site.

In one case, surveillance of a large California property

convinced local authorities to seize it—not because they saw

drug activity but because the property was worth a lot of

money. The property was taken, and its owner was shot

trying to defend himself. A later inquiry determined that there were no

illegal drugs on the property.

1. According to this reading, which of these activities does the author

oppose?

a. marijuana possession

b. surveillance

c. property seizures

d. civil libertarians

2. Why does the author of this reading mention the Fourth Amendment?

a. because drug-related seizures seem to violate it

b. because it outlaws the use of certain drugs

c. because it has finally stopped the antidrug forces from seizing

property

d. because he disagrees that Americans should be protected by it

136 Government and Justice

Bonus Structure—

In one case

introduces an

example.

Lesson 27 The Police

TOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. b 3. e 4. a 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. apprehend 2. surveillance 3. inquiry

4. evidence, implicate

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a

The Police 137

LESSON

Investigating Crimes

Target Words

1. analyze 6. inference

2. assail 7. objectively

3. contrary 8. suspicious

4. hypothesize 9. tolerate

5. impair 10. versus

Definitions and Samples

1. analyze v. To examine something by looking at its parts

Chemists analyzed the white powder and found it to be only a mixture

of sugar and salt.

Parts of speech analysis n, analyst n

2. assail v. To attack or criticize forcefully

With DNA evidence from the crime scene, the defense lawyer

assailed the police for falsely arresting his client.

Parts of speech assault n, assailant n

3. contrary adj. Opposite

Contrary to most studies, Dr. Ito’s work shows the world’s climate is

not getting warmer.

Usage tips Common phrases are contrary to and on the contrary.

28

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4. hypothesize v. To make a guess, the correctness of which will eventually

be investigated systematically.

Scientists hypothesize that planets capable of supporting life exist

beyond our solar system, but they have not yet seen any.

Usage tips Hypothesize is often followed by a that clause.

Parts of speech hypothesis n, hypothetical adj

5. impair v. To make something less effective than usual

The snow impaired John’s ability to hear anyone’s footsteps.

Usage tips The object of impair is often [someone’s] ability to.

Parts of speech impairment n

6. inference n. A conclusion drawn from evidence

Inspector Dowd’s inference that Ms. Miller was South African was

based on her accent.

Parts of speech infer v

7. objectively adv. Based on unbiased standards, not on personal opinion

I don’t like Mr. Rowan, but looking objectively at his sales numbers,

I saw that he was a very valuable employee.

Parts of speech objective adj

8. suspicious adj. Believing that something is wrong; acting in a way

that makes people believe you have done something wrong

The neighbors became suspicious of Jim when he bought a big new

car and some fancy clothes.

Jim’s suspicious purchases made his neighbors think he might be

getting money illegally.

Parts of speech suspicion n, suspiciously adv

9. tolerate v. To avoid getting upset about something

My math teacher tolerates a lot of talking in her class, but my history

teacher tells us to be quiet.

Parts of speech toleration n, tolerance n, tolerant adj

Investigating Crimes 139

10. versus prep. Against

In the debate, it was pro-war senators versus antiwar senators.

Usage tips Versus is often abbreviated as vs. in sports contexts, or

simply v. in legal contexts.

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. assail (a) against

2. contrary (b) guess

3. hypothesize (c) showing differences or

4. impair (d) vigorously attack

5. versus (e) cause problems for

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Most police departments have laboratories, where scientists (assail /

analyze) evidence according to scientific procedures.

2. The new police chief would not (tolerate / impair) any joking around

in the police station.

3. Everyone assumed Travis was innocent, despite evidence to the

(contrary / suspicious).

4. A judge who feels unable to think (versus / objectively) about a case

should withdraw from it.

5. The bomb squad was called after a (suspicious / contrary) package

was delivered to the governor’s office.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In 1979, two British farmers reported that, while sitting on

a hill, they suddenly saw the crops below flattened in a

perfect circle.They inferred that some great force must have

come down directly from above to squash the corn and

barley. This started a public hysteria about so-called crop

circles.The patterns pressed into the crops (not all of them

140 Government and Justice

Bonus Structure—

This refers to the

whole situation

described in the

previous sentence,

not to any one

noun phrase.

were circles) seemed to have no entry or exit points. Many people

hypothesized that only alien spaceships could make such bizarre

imprints. Others, including Britain’s police, assailed such wild

conclusions. They had a contrary theory: Someone was playing a big

hoax. Teams of investigators took samples of the plants and the soil,

trying to objectively analyze the crop circles as if they were a crime

scene. Public curiosity often impaired the investigators, who had to

tolerate busloads of tourists flocking to the circles.The farmers in the

area, long suspicious of the police, approached the case as an instance

of police versus the people. If the local farmers knew the circles were a

hoax, they wouldn’t say so.

1. According to the article, why did many people think that crop circles

were created by alien spaceships?

a. The circles looked like they had been made from above and had no

way in or out.

b. The observers in 1979 reported seeing a UFO land and make a

crop circle.

c. The plants and soil inside a crop circle contained chemicals not

found on Earth.

d. They were in unusual shapes and contained alien symbols.

2. Why does the author mention “a hoax”?

a. because one of the locals admitted playing a trick on his neighbors

b. because most people think that crop circles are evil

c. because police investigators thought crop circles were made by humans

as a joke

d. because crop circles are probably made by secret government aircraft

Lesson 28 Investigating Crimes

TOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. e 5. a

TOEFL Prep II 1. analyze 2. tolerate 3. contrary

4. objectively 5. suspicious

TOEFL Success 1. a 2. c

Investigating Crimes 141

LESSON

Government Corruption

Target Words

1. bribery 6. integrity

2. cynically 7. prevalent

3. erode 8. reform

4. evade 9. scandal

5. grotesque 10. unmask

Definitions and Samples

1. bribery n. Giving money or other gifts to a government official or other

person in authority in order to get special privileges

Bribery of police officers is common in countries where police

salaries are very low.

Parts of speech bribe v, bribe n

2. cynically adv. Disrespectfully; emphasizing the weaknesses of otherwise

respected things

Employees of the Roadways Department cynically referred to their

boss as “the banker” because he took so many bribes.

Parts of speech cynic n, cynicism n, cynical adj

3. erode v. To wear away and become smaller

People’s respect for the government eroded as more officials were

arrested for corruption.

29

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Usage tips Erode can be intransitive (the beach eroded) or transitive

(the waves eroded the beach).

Parts of speech erosion n, erosive adj

4. evade v. To get away from something that tries to catch you

The robbery suspects tried to evade the police by fleeing to Canada.

Parts of speech evasion n, evasive adj

5. grotesque adj. Extremely unattractive, in a way that catches a lot of

attention.

Spending $3.5 million to redecorate the governor’s house is a

grotesque misuse of public money.

6. integrity n. Personal honesty and good character

We don’t have a problem with our employees stealing from the

store because we hire only people with a lot of integrity.

7. prevalent adj. Common; easy to find because it exists in great amounts

Distrust of elected officials was prevalent in our county because

many of them were friends with certain candidates.

Parts of speech prevail v, prevalence n

8. reform v. To make big improvements

The new law was an attempt to reform the system of giving money

to political candidates.

Parts of speech reform n, reformer n

9. scandal n. A case of wrongdoing that hurts someone’s reputation

In the Watergate scandal, some of the president’s top advisors were

revealed to be criminals.

Parts of speech scandalize v, scandalous adj

10. unmask v. Reveal; expose something that is hidden

The Forge Trucking Company was eventually unmasked as a front

for organized crime.

Government Corruption 143

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. cynically (a) respectfully

2. evade (b) corruption

3. integrity (c) cover up

4. prevalent (d) uncommon

5. unmask (e) get caught

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The president resigned because a (scandal / bribery) made it impossible

for him to lead.

2. Laws that let the police monitor criminals can (erode / evade) the privacy

of innocent citizens too.

3. After Downforth Castle was bought by apartment developers, it became

a (prevalent / grotesque) jumble of poorly built additions.

4. In some places, people who are pulled over for traffic offenses use

(scandal / bribery) to avoid getting a ticket.

5. President Carazza came to office promising (reform / integrity) of the

prison system.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In many countries, few politicians have enough integrity to resist

corruption and bribery. Because such practices are so prevalent, officials

often evade any personal sense of guilt by pretending that everyone is just

as corrupt as they are. Even in cases of really grotesque corruption, the

kind that might cause a scandal in a less-corrupt government, the general

population may not be shocked. Instead, they may cynically

conclude that government corruption is natural and unavoidable.

In this environment, the efforts of an honest

politician to unmask corruption may be eroded by the

public’s lack of interest, causing any efforts at reform to fail.

144 Government and Justice

Bonus Structure—

In this

environment

means “under

these conditions.”

1. Why do people in some countries not react negatively to corruption?

a. because they feel it cannot be avoided

b. because they want reform

c. because almost everyone in the government is corrupt

d. because they have paid money to gain influence

2. What effect might a small scandal have in a country where government

corruption is not typical?

a. It could make someone very popular.

b. It could cause a politician to become cynical.

c. It could cost a lot of money.

d. It could cause a government official to lose his or her position.

Lesson 29 Government Corruption

TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. e 3. b 4. d 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. scandal 2. erode 3. grotesque 4. bribery

5. reform

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. d

Government Corruption 145

LESSON

Crimes at Sea

Target Words

1. abduction 6. intentionally

2. coerce 7. piracy

3. detain 8. predicament

4. deviant 9. smuggle

5. distort 10. villainy

Definitions and Samples

1. abduction n. Kidnapping

Pirates got many crew members by abduction, snatching unlucky

citizens from seaport towns.

Parts of speech abduct v

2. coerce v. To force; to put pressure on someone to do something

A criminal’s confession is not usable in court if the police coerce

him or her into giving it.

Parts of speech coercion n, coercive adj

3. detain v. To prevent someone, for a relatively short time, from going on

their way

The police detained at least 20 men for questioning, but charged

none of them with a crime.

Parts of speech detention n, detainee n

30

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4. deviant adj. In a style that is not normal and is offensive to many

The artist based his reputation on creating deviant works of art that

disgusted most of the public.

Usage tips Deviant always implies a bad opinion of someone or

something.

Parts of speech deviant n, deviation n, deviate v

5. distort v. To twist or misrepresent; to make something seem different

from what it really is

If you hold a pencil in a glass of water, the water distorts the appearance

of the pencil.

Parts of speech distortion n

6. intentionally adv. On purpose, not by accident

Danny intentionally lost his last golf ball because he was tired of

playing.

Parts of speech intent n, intention n. intend v, intentional adj

7. piracy n. Stealing a ship or taking the ship’s cargo; the unlawful copying

of books, CDs, etc.

Modern-day piracy occurs mostly near groups of small, uninhabited

islands where pirates can hide.

The software company constantly battled piracy.

Parts of speech pirate n, pirate v

8. predicament n. A difficult situation, one that is hard to get out of

College basketball stars face the predicament of wanting to graduate

but being tempted by high professional salaries.

9. smuggle v. To illegally bring things into a country

The pirate Ben Dewar smuggled guns to British and Indian fighters

in North America.

Parts of speech smuggler n, smuggling n

Crimes at Sea 147

10. villainy n. Exceptional badness, as demonstrated by many serious evil

deeds

Fred was not a natural criminal, but he learned all kinds of villainy

while being jailed for a minor crime.

Parts of speech villain n, villainous adj

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. detain (a) clarify

2. distort (b) by accident

3. villainy (c) let go

4. intentionally (d) normal

5. deviant (e) good deeds

TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in

meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the

blank.

abducted coerced piracy predicament smuggled

1. The police force’s difficult situation involved a bank robber

who threatened to shoot a bank employee if any police

approached.

2. Despite laws restricting animal imports, thousands of

monkeys and lemurs and other wild animals are

brought illegally into the United States.

3. The enemy captured and took away the general’s son.

4. Two men were convicted of stealing a boat near the Riau

Islands.

5. By threatening to set fire to their ship, the governor of

Bermuda pressured the pirate crew to give themselves up.

148 Government and Justice

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the question that follows.

The Spanish explorer Pizarro’s abduction of the Inca King Atahualpa

came in 1529. His men detained the king, coerced the Incas into paying

a large ransom in gold and silver, and then intentionally killed the king

anyway.Their conquest of Peru established the legendary Spanish Main—

Spanish holdings on the mainland of Central and South America. The

predicament for Spain’s kings was how to get the riches of the New World

to Spain. Pirates and privateers ruled the waves. To distort what was

actually just robbery, the king of England issued “letters of marque,”

licenses that turned certain pirates into agents of the British government.

Their piracy against Spanish ships and Spanish gold was considered

service to the king or queen of England.

Most pirates with such letters were social deviants

anyway, and predictably, they became embarrassments to

the British crown. In 1603, Britain’s King James I canceled

all his government’s letters of marque. The many

dangerous, unemployed pirates became buccaneers, a

terrifying mix of tough characters that operated from the

island of Hispaniola. They conducted merciless raids on Spanish

settlements and formed a brotherhood known for theft, torture, smuggling,

and villainy of all sorts.

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided

below. Complete the summary by selecting three answer choices that

express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the

letter of one of your choices.

The establishment of the Spanish Main provided rich targets

for pirates and privateers, often with government encouragement.

•

•

•

Crimes at Sea 149

Bonus Structure—

Predictably

means that the

information that

follows is no

surprise.

a. Pizarro’s men abducted King Atahualpa in 1529.

b. By issuing letters of marque, the kings of England gave their approval

of raids on Spanish ships.

c. Piracy in the South China Sea was also a problem at this time.

d. Pirates who worked for the English crown were known as buccaneers.

e. Sailing under a letter of marque, a privateer could steal property in

the king’s name.

f. Eventually, the English crown was embarrassed by the behavior of

its privateers and canceled the letters of marque.

Lesson 30 Crimes at Sea

TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. b 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. predicament 2. smuggled 3. abducted

4. piracy 5. coerced

TOEFL Success b, e, f

150 Government and Justice

LESSON

The War on Drugs

Target Words

1. addictive 6. misconception

2. cartel 7. modify

3. concentrated 8. potent

4. interdict 9. residual

5. juxtapose 10. subtly

Definitions and Samples

1. addictive adj. Making someone want it so much that the person feels

ill without it

Some drugs, like heroin or methamphetamines, are addictive to almost

everyone who tries them.

Parts of speech addict v, addict n, addiction n

2. cartel n. A small group controlling a certain area of business

The world’s major oil producers formed a cartel to control the price

and supply of petroleum.

3. concentrated adj. Strong because large amounts are in a certain space

Concentrated lemon juice is very sour, so I mix it with water when I

make lemonade.

Parts of speech concentrate v, concentration n, concentrate n

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4. interdict v. To keep something from reaching a certain place

With faster patrol boats, the Coast Guard can more easily interdict

drugs being smuggled by sea.

Parts of speech interdiction n

5. juxtapose v. Place next to one another

If you juxtapose these two similar flowers, you can see clear differences

between them.

Parts of speech juxtaposition n

6. misconception n. A mistaken belief

A common misconception about rabbits is that they are a kind of

rodent.

7. modify v. Make small changes in order to get a certain result

People who live in high mountains often modify their car engines to

run well in the thinner air.

Parts of speech modification n, modifier n

8. potent adj. Powerful

A very potent type of marijuana with surprisingly strong effects became

available in Burrytown.

Parts of speech potency n

9. residual adj. Left behind after most of a thing has gone

In the airplane, agents found residual traces of heroin.

Usage tips Residual is often followed by trace, amount, or some

other word referring to “quantity.”

Parts of speech residue n

10. subtly adv. In a quiet, hard-to-notice way

By subtly changing the soft drink’s formula, we improved its taste

and made production cheaper.

Parts of speech subtlety n, subtle adj

152 Government and Justice

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. cartel (a) stop

2. interdict (b) remaining

3. juxtaposed (c) next to

4. residual (d) without drawing attention

5. subtle (e) a kind of group

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. With a (subtle / residual) nod of his head, the inspector signaled his

agents.

2. Sunlight is a (concentrated / potent) source of energy for electricity

generation, but it can be expensive to collect and store.

3. Things other than drugs can be (addictive / subtle), such as gambling

or even television.

4. A security official tries to (modify / interdict) foreign terrorists before

they can enter the country.

5. Your advertisement created the (misconception / cartel) that everything

was on sale for 50 percent off.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Illegal addictive drugs, like heroin or cocaine, come from plants grown

and harvested mostly by poor farmers.Their small farmhouses juxtaposed

with the mansions of billionaire drug lords illustrate the unequal payouts

to various players in the drug trade.The farmers sell their

product cheaply to a drug-distribution cartel that is owned

by the drug lords.People working for the cartel then refine

the drugs into a concentrated form, or even modify them

chemically to make them more potent and therefore more

valuable. Other cartel members then transport the drugs to

distributors for sale, smuggling them over huge distances, including

international borders.Governments try to interdict smugglers, using both

The War on Drugs 153

Bonus Structure—

Because this reading

describes a system

of operations, the

word then appears

very often.

new technology and old (like sniffer dogs) to find residual traces of drugs.

Their occasional successes have led to a popular misconception that

antidrug campaigns are close to stopping the flow of illegal drugs. On the

contrary, as long as drug lords can make vast fortunes in their illegal

trade, smugglers will come up with ever-more-subtle ways of concealing

their goods, and the War on Drugs goes on.

1. Who makes the most money from the drug trade?

a. rural farmers

b. people who refine drugs

c. drug lords

d. antidrug officers

2. Schematic table:Write the letter of each phrase in either column A or

column B, based on which one it relates to according to the reading.

a. subtle ways of hiding drugs

b. sniffer dogs

c. high-tech detection

d. concentrate drugs to make them potent

e. pay farmers to grow plants that yield drugs

Lesson 31 The War on Drugs

TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. subtle 2. potent 3. addictive 4. interdict

5. misconception

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. Column A: a, d, e Column B: b, c

A. Drug producers and dealers B. Antidrug forces

154 Government and Justice

Relationships

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LESSON

Family Relationships

Target Words

1. ancestral 6. legitimate

2. cohesion 7. paternal

3. descendant 8. proximity

4. inheritance 9. sentiment

5. kin 10. sibling

Definitions and Samples

1. ancestral adj. Relating to family members from earlier generations

Sweden is my ancestral homeland, from which my greatgrandfather

emigrated in 1922.

Parts of speech ancestor n, ancestry n

2. cohesion n. Ability to stay together as a unit

Family cohesion is difficult if young people have to go far away to

find work.

Usage tips Cohesion can also be used to describe forces that keep

materials or structures together.

Parts of speech cohere v, cohesiveness n

3. descendant n. A direct relative in a later generation (such as one’s

son, daughter, or grandchild)

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Billy Sobieski claimed to be a descendant of Jan Sobieski, a former

king of Poland.

Usage tips Descendant is often followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech descend v, descent n

4. inheritance n. Things passed down to you from your ancestors

My inheritance from my grandmother included her favorite

necklace.

Parts of speech inherit v, inheritor n

5. kin n. Relatives

Even though my uncle didn’t really like me, he was kind to me because

we were kin.

Usage tips A common phrase is next of kin, meaning “closest

relative.”

Parts of speech kinship n

6. legitimate adj. True and respectable; in the context of family, born of

a mother and father who were married to each other

You can skip the meeting if you have a legitimate reason.

Harcourt had two legitimate children with his wife Hannah and one

illegitimate son with a woman whom he met while traveling.

Usage tips The opposite of legitimate is illegitimate.

Parts of speech legitimize v, legitimacy n

7. paternal adj. Relating to a father

My mother’s parents have both died, but my paternal grandparents

are still alive.

Usage tips Paternal may appear with maternal, meaning “relating to

a mother.”

8. proximity n. Nearness

The house was comfortable, except for its proximity to a busy road.

158 Relationships

Usage tips Proximity can be followed by an of phrase or a to phrase.

Parts of speech proximate adj

9. sentiment n. Feelings; opinion based on feelings

I share your sentiments about air travel, but I disagree that cars are

safer.

Usage tips Sentiments (the plural) is more common than sentiment.

Parts of speech sentimentality n, sentimental adj

10. sibling n. Brother or sister

My siblings and I got together to buy our parents a gift for their

anniversary.

Usage tips Sibling is often preceded by a possessive noun or pronoun.

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. ancestral (a) fatherly

2. descendants (b) children, grandchildren, etc.

3. legitimate (c) what one thinks or feels

4. paternal (d) acceptable and right

5. sentiments (e) related to earlier generations

TOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in the blank

with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

cohesion inheritance kin proximity siblings

1. You can’t expect to have family __________ if the members don’t respect

each other.

2. In our family, the __________ who are closest in age get along the best.

3. If someone dies without a will, the possessions usually go to the next

of __________.

Family Relationships 159

4. Medical bills in his last year greatly reduced the __________ going to

Tom’s wife.

5. Legally, parents have the same __________ of relationship to an

adopted child as to their biological children.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The nature of the family varies widely from culture to culture. In some

societies, family members tend to stay in close proximity to their kin,

never moving more than a few miles away from the ancestral home. In

other places, while the members of one generation may all live near one

another, their descendants in the next generation scatter widely. In such

a case, it’s difficult to maintain the same family cohesion enjoyed by those

who live close together. Sometimes marriage can govern family structure;

for example, there may be strict traditions requiring a new bride to leave

her paternal home and siblings to move in with her new husband’s family.

Such traditions are followed, even by young couples who don’t like them,

because going against them is likely to result in the loss of inheritance.

Whatever one’s own sentiments about family structure, it is important to

recognize that one culture’s family system is as legitimate as another’s.

1. Which of the following best states the main idea of this passage?

a. Different family systems can be found worldwide, but each one deserves

respect.

b. Societies in which children move far away from their parents are

not very cohesive.

c. Although some societies still require a wife to move in with her husband’s

family, this tradition is dying out.

d. The most important factor in family happiness is close proximity

to your relatives.

2. According to this reading, which family system is most common?

a. Members of a family living in the same community.

b. Family members spreading out and living in various cities.

c. Young couples living with the man’s parents.

d. It is impossible to tell from this reading.

160 Relationships

Lesson 32 Family Relationships

TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. cohesion 2. siblings 3. kin 4. inheritance

5. proximity

TOEFL Success 1. a 2. d

Family Relationships 161

LESSON

Friendship

Target Words

1. affection 6. exclusive

2. associate 7. fluctuate

3. bond 8. in common

4. clique 9. solidarity

5. confide 10. willing

Definitions and Samples

1. affection n. An emotional closeness or warmth

I show affection for my girlfriend by spending time with her, not by

spending money on her.

Usage tips Affection is often followed by a for phrase.

Parts of speech affectionate adj

2. associate v. To regularly spend time together

Carol doesn’t associate with people who smoke.

Usage tips Associate is often followed by a with phrase.

Parts of speech association n, associate n

3. bond n. A close connection

Some researchers say that there is an especially strong emotional

bond between twins.

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Usage tips A between phrase—indicating the things that are

connected—often follows bond.

Parts of speech bond v

4. clique n. A small group of friends who are unfriendly to people outside

the group

High-schoolers form cliques to gain security and acceptance.

Usage tips Clique indicates a negative feeling toward a group.

Parts of speech cliquish adj

5. confide v. To tell very personal things

Teenagers are more willing to confide in a friend than in a parent.

Usage tips Confide is almost always followed by an in phrase.

Parts of speech confidence n, confidant n, confidential adj

6. exclusive adj. Keeping out all but a few people

The most exclusive universities accept only a small percentage of

people who want to attend.

Usage tips Exclusive can indicate a positive opinion, but in the

context of friendship, it can mean “attached only to one person.”

Parts of speech exclude v, exclusion n, exclusively adv

7. fluctuate v. To change often, from one condition to another

Earth’s climate fluctuates between warm periods and cold periods.

Usage tips Fluctuate is usually followed by a between phrase (or by a

from . . . to structure).

Parts of speech fluctuation n

8. in common adv. As a shared characteristic

Billy and Heather have a lot in common—basketball, a love of

pizza, and an interest in snakes.

Usage tips In common very often appears with the verb to have.

Friendship 163

9. solidarity n. Standing together despite pressure to move apart

Many student groups declared solidarity with the Latino Student

Association in their effort to get a Spanish-speaking principal.

Usage tips Solidarity is usually used in political contexts.

10. willing adj. Agreeable and ready to do something

Because of their long friendship, Professor Gardner was willing to

say a few words at Jones’s birthday celebration.

Usage tips Willing is almost always followed by a to + verb

structure.

Parts of speech will v, will n, willingness n

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. affection (a) liking someone or something

2. bond (b) to move back and forth

3. clique (c) standing together in a

political cause

4. fluctuate (d) a connection

5. solidarity (e) an exclusive group

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word or phrase that best completes each

sentence.

1. Charles is (exclusive / willing) to be friends with Dory, but he is already

dating another girl.

2. If I (associate / confide) in you, do you promise to keep what I say a

secret?

3. When it comes to weather, Minnesota and North Dakota have a lot

(in common / in a bond).

4. One of the main reasons to go to an exclusive college is that you get to

(associate / fluctuate) with some of the country’s future leaders.

5. The court said that the club’s membership rules were unjustly (willing /

exclusive) because they kept out people of certain ethnic groups.

164 Relationships

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

You can walk into any high school and spot the cliques: the jocks hang out

here, the geeks there, the Goths and preppies in their areas.Teenagers feel

a strong need to belong to a group, to associate with people with whom

they share common interests or goals. Since adolescence is often a time

when teens feel turmoil in their home lives, they seek affection and

friendship outside the home.They look for other young people to bond

with when their parents don’t seem to “understand.” Teens going through

the various crises of adolescence can more easily confide in others their

own age, with whom they have more in common.Teen cliques are by no

means exclusive; membership can fluctuate on an almost daily basis, but

the important thing is that group members feel a sense of solidarity and

are willing to stick together.

1. According to the reading, why do adolescents search for friendship

outside the home?

a. They want to be accepted by the jocks and Goths.

b. They think their parents don’t understand the problems they face.

c. They want to be in a different clique every day.

d. They want to talk about their parents with other teenagers.

2. According to the reading, do teens stay in the same groups all the

time?

a. Yes, because their parents want them to.

b. Yes, because they share common interests.

c. No, they may move from group to group quite frequently.

d. No, most groups don’t accept new members.

Lesson 33 Friendship

TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. d 3. e 4. b 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. willing 2. confide 3. in common

4. associate 5. exclusive

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. c

Friendship 165

LESSON

Passion

Target Words

1. complex 6. loyal

2. despondent 7. passion

3. devotion 8. proliferation

4. dilemma 9. reciprocity

5. engender 10. vanish

Definitions and Samples

1. complex adj. Not simple; involving many parts that work together

A modern car engine is too complex for most car owners to repair

by themselves.

Parts of speech complexity n

2. despondent adj. Extremely sad and without hope for the future

After his girlfriend left him, Johnson was despondent and wouldn’t

talk to anyone.

3. devotion n. A willingness to keep supporting someone you admire

Grant showed great devotion to his wife, supporting her during her

long illness.

Usage tips Devotion is often followed by a to phrase.

Parts of speech devote v, devotee n

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4. dilemma n. A difficult choice between two things

I was caught in a dilemma between traveling by airplane and taking

a train, which is slower but more comfortable.

5. engender v. To bring into being; to cause to exist

The government’s warnings about terrorism engendered fear

throughout the nation.

Usage tips Engender is often followed by a noun for an emotion.

6. loyal adj. Faithful

Carter was loyal to his girlfriend and would not date anyone else.

Usage tips Loyal is often followed by a to phrase.

Parts of speech loyalty n, loyally adv

7. passion n. An extremely strong emotion, like love or anger

Debbie complained that there was no passion in her marriage.

Parts of speech passionate adj, passionately adv

8. proliferation n. An increase in the number of something and in the

number of places it can be found

The proliferation of fast-food restaurants has made it harder for

Americans to eat healthy lunches.

Usage tips Proliferation is very often followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech proliferate v

9. reciprocity n. Doing as much for another as he or she has done for you

Dan was giving a lot of attention to Kelly, but he felt no reciprocity

in their relationship.

Parts of speech reciprocate v, reciprocal adj

10. vanish v. To disappear suddenly

When the sun came out, last night’s light snowfall vanished.

Passion 167

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. complex (a) an easy choice

2. dilemma (b) simple

3. loyal (c) a decrease

4. proliferation (d) appear

5. vanish (e) unfaithful

TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in

meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the

blank.

despondent devotion to engender passion reciprocity

1. In a good relationship, there is a lot of give and take.

2. Mr. Foster’s strong love for teaching makes him successful.

3. Rhonda was extremely sad after the death of her cat.

4. Sometimes, a small characteristic, like a nice smile, can

cause love.

5. My continuing support for the candidate is based on

my admiration for her.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the new vocabulary

you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Perhaps no emotion is more complex than passion. Passion can show

itself in a negative way as a burst of anger, or in a more pleasant way, as

love. Passion can engender blind devotion for a lover or plunge a person

into despondent misery if he or she feels a lack of reciprocity in the

relationship. Passion and love cause innumerable dilemmas, and people

constantly seek out ways to understand these emotions, as evidenced by

168 Relationships

the proliferation of articles, books, talk shows, and Web pages devoted to

relationships. Many of these forums have loyal followings and have

become cultural fixtures.The endless flow of information and opinions

about the complex situations aroused by passion will probably not vanish

anytime soon.

1. According to this article, which statement about passion is true?

a. It can have good or bad effects.

b. It can be easily explained.

c. It helps people decide what to do.

d. It is irrational.

2. According to the reading, why are there so many books and other

works about passion?

a. because people want a lot of advice about love

b. because many people want to write about their own passion

c. because reading about passion is relaxing

d. because passion can also show itself as a burst of anger

Lesson 34 Passion

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. a 3. e 4. c 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. reciprocity 2. passion 3. despondent

4. engender 5. devotion to

TOEFL Success 1. a 2. a

Passion 169

LESSON

Negative Emotions

Target Words

1. antipathy 6. humiliation

2. arrogantly 7. obnoxious

3. berate 8. shame

4. contemptuous 9. stigmatize

5. despise 10. vitriolic

Definitions and Samples

1. antipathy n. A strong, long-lasting negative feeling

My antipathy toward telemarketers is so strong that I am often rude

to them.

Usage tips Antipathy is often followed by a toward phrase.

2. arrogantly adv. In a way that shows a high opinion of oneself and a low

opinion of others

Jenny told us about her party only one day in advance, arrogantly

thinking we had nothing else to do.

Parts of speech arrogance n, arrogant adj

3. berate v. To say insulting and disrespectful things

The teacher lost his job because he cruelly berated students who

made mistakes.

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Usage tips You can only berate someone directly—only when he or

she can hear you.

4. contemptuous n. Having no respect

Most scientists are contemptuous of reports that aliens from outer

space have landed on the Earth.

Usage tips A very common structure is be contemptuous of.

Parts of speech contempt n, contemptible adj, contemptuously adv

5. despise v. Hate very much

Tom grew to despise his greedy and unfriendly boss.

6. humiliation n. An event that causes someone to feel that she or he has

lost the respect of others

Losing the chess tournament was a great humiliation for Marie, and

she never played chess again.

Parts of speech humiliate v

7. obnoxious adj. Bothersome; doing small things that others don’t like

My obnoxious neighbor keeps talking to me while I’m trying to

read in my backyard.

Parts of speech obnoxiously adv

8. shame n. Dishonor because one has done something wrong

Feeling deep shame because of their son’s crimes, the Ford family

moved to a different town.

Usage tips Shame is often followed by an of or about phrase.

Parts of speech shame v, shameful adj, ashamed adj, shamefully adv

9. stigmatize v. To mark with a visible feature that makes other people

think, perhaps incorrectly, that someone or something is wrong

Cadbury’s beard and tattoos stigmatized him as a bad match for

Wall Street, so he couldn’t find work as a financial analyst.

Parts of speech stigma n

Negative Emotions 171

10. vitriolic adj. Showing an extreme, hateful anger

The mayor’s vitriolic attacks against the city council only made him

sound unreasonable.

Usage tips The origin of vitriolic is “vitriol,” a strong chemical that

could cause painful burns.

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. arrogantly (a) very bitter and hurtful

2. berate (b) to criticize and insult

3. humiliation (c) annoying

4. obnoxious (d) too proudly

5. vitriolic (e) embarrassment

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

Be careful: Many words in this chapter are very close in meaning to

each other. Pay attention to small details in order to choose the best.

1. As a teenager, Dean did a lot of stupid things that he now feels

(humiliation / shame) about.

2. Many foreigners feel that their appearance (stigmatizes / despises)

them in this country.

3. Because the president was (obnoxious / contemptuous) of France’s

opinion long ago, the French are not eager to help him now.

4. Mark (despises / berates) Henry and refuses to see him at all.

5. Turkey’s historic (antipathy / shame) toward Greece may be softening

with the new generation.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Some radio talk show hosts are masters of obnoxious insults. Callers to

such shows should be prepared for humiliation if they dare to disagree

with the host’s views.The host controls whether the caller can speak, so

172 Relationships

he can arrogantly berate the caller without allowing the caller to respond.

Some shows, especially on AM radio, have hosts who are contemptuous

of nearly everyone. They regularly use vitriolic language to stigmatize

whole groups of people, such as foreigners, liberals, gays, or women. Some

hosts don’t actually despise the groups they insult. They simply use

antipathy as a form of entertainment, and they seem to feel no shame

about the damage they do.

1. Which phrase best describes the author’s point of view?

a. The author enjoys listening to radio talk shows.

b. The author believes talk shows can cause damage.

c. The author thinks talk show hosts are disturbing but honest.

d. The author argues that hosts are ordinary people just doing their

jobs.

2. Which people are often berated on radio talk shows, according to the

author?

a. hosts

b. callers

c. listeners

d. advertisers

Lesson 35 Negative Emotions

TOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. b 3. e 4. c 5. a

TOEFL Prep II 1. shame 2. stigmatizes 3. contemptuous

4. despises 5. antipathy

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. b

Negative Emotions 173

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Culture

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LESSON

Social Rebels

Target Words

1. adolescent 6. hedonistic

2. cause 7. hypocritically

3. conflict 8. manipulation

4. delinquency 9. rebel

5. fringe 10. status quo

Definitions and Samples

1. adolescent adj. Characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up

In policy meetings, George refuses to reason with anyone and just

scowls in an adolescent way.

Parts of speech adolescent n, adolescence n

2. cause n. A political or social goal that one believes is right and works

to achieve

Our river cleanup effort would be more effective if someone famous

spoke out for the cause.

3. conflict v. To fit so poorly together that the differences cause a problem

A teenager’s need for security can conflict with his desire for independence

from his family.

Parts of speech conflict n

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4. delinquency n. Serious misbehavior; not doing what one should do

Because of his laziness and delinquency, Lefty was an unreliable

friend.

Usage tips A common combination is juvenile delinquency, meaning

“criminal behavior by a teenager.”

Parts of speech delinquent n, delinquent adj

5. fringe n. Edge; in social contexts, parts of society that look or act very

different from most people

Punk music got its start at the fringe of London’s rock music culture.

Usage tips Fringe implies an edge that is uneven and not very solid.

Parts of speech fringy adj

6. hedonistic adj. Excessively interested in seeking pleasure

Suddenly wealthy, Allen fell into a hedonistic life of parties, expensive

dinners, and heavy drinking.

Usage tips Hedonistic usually implies that the pleasures are wrong.

Parts of speech hedonist n, hedonism n, hedonistically adv

7. hypocritically adv. In a way that accuses other people of weaknesses

that the speaker also possesses

Henry spent $2,500 on a new suit and then hypocritically accused

me of spending too much on clothes.

Parts of speech hypocrite n, hypocrisy n, hypocritical adj

8. manipulation n. Quietly moving or influencing people or things in

order to get what you want

Bob’s manipulation of the boss’s feelings led to his promotion.

Parts of speech manipulate v, manipulator n, manipulative adj

9. rebel v. To go against an established system or authority

The people of Ghurdia rebelled against the dictator and set up a

new government.

178 Culture

Usage tips Rebel works well in political contexts and in contexts of

personal relationships.

Parts of speech rebel n, rebellion n

10. status quo n. The systems and conditions that exist now

Let’s just maintain the status quo until we can think of a better way.

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. adolescent (a) not doing what you’re

supposed to

2. conflict (b) clash; not fit together

3. delinquency (c) edge

4. fringe (d) like a teenager

5. status quo (e) current conditions

TOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in the blank

with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

cause hedonistic hypocritically manipulation rebel

1. Senator Bond,who often lied to Congress, __________ called the president

a liar.

2. Some monks criticized the well-fed, art-loving people of fifteenthcentury

Florence for being __________.

3. During the 1970s, college students fought for one __________ after

another, from saving the whales to changing the government.

4. Even though it’s illegal, __________ of lawmakers by rich companies

is common.

5. It’s natural for young people to __________ against society, but not

with violence.

Social Rebels 179

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Many adolescents and young adults go through a period when they rebel

against what they perceive as an insincere world. Teens may take up

causes such as radical environmentalism, protesting against the status

quo.They may choose clothes that annoy their parents and associate with

people from the fringes of society.This is a delicate period in a person’s life,

full of chances to make bad decisions that could lead to

juvenile delinquency and even jail. Conversely, it can be a

time of personal discovery that strengthens teens in a moral

rejection of hedonistic lifestyles.At this age they may fearlessly

speak up against hypocritically self-righteous authorities and

against manipulation by the news media.These adolescent protests can

lead to conflicts within families and communities, but stirring things up

can also lead to serious reflection and positive change.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. Teens are hedonistic and self-serving.

b. Many teenagers are radical environmentalists.

c. Adolescents often create conflicts in their communities.

d. Teenage rebellion can cause problems, but it can be positive too.

2. According to the reading, what is one possible positive effect of teen

rebellion?

a. Adults might try to make positive changes.

b. Teens may get in trouble with the police.

c. Teens may become responsible adults later in life.

d. Adults might imitate teens and also rebel.

Lesson 36 Social Rebels

TOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. e

TOEFL Prep II 1. hypocritically 2. hedonistic 3. cause

4. manipulation 5. rebel

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. a

180 Culture

Bonus Structure—

Conversely means

“on the other

hand.”

LESSON

Painting and Sculpture

Target Words

1. abstract 6. intrinsic

2. context 7. perspective

3. depict 8. portrayal

4. dimension 9. realism

5. esthetically 10. spectrum

Definitions and Samples

1. abstract adj. Not concrete and realistic; not obviously related to everyday

experience

Abstract painting became popular partly because early photography

was very realistic.

Parts of speech abstraction n

2. context n. A larger environment that something fits into

In the context of Soviet Russia, public art had to be about the triumph

of communism and its leaders.

Usage tips The preposition in often comes before context, and an of

phrase often comes after it.

Parts of speech contextualize v, contextual adj

37

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3. depict v. To show in pictures

Michelangelo’s painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel depicts

nine scenes from the Bible.

Parts of speech depiction n

4. dimension n. A direction or surface along which something can be

measured; an aspect

The three dimensions of physical objects are length, width, and

depth.

One dimension of the problem is their long history of competition.

Parts of speech dimensional adj

5. esthetically adv. In a way that relates to beauty or appearance

The outside of the office building is esthetically pleasing, but the inside

is dark and unpleasant.

Usage tips Esthetically is often spelled with an “a” at the beginning:

aesthetically.

Parts of speech esthetic n, esthete n, esthetic adj

6. intrinsic adj. Being part of the basic nature of something

Frequent elections are intrinsic to a democratic system.

Parts of speech intrinsically adv

7. perspective n. A way of seeing from a particular location; a way of

thinking about something

From my perspective, the entire town can be seen through a set of

large windows.

They held different perspectives on how to care for their aging

parents.

8. portrayal n. A description or drawing that reflects a certain point

of view

Most portrayals of Abraham Lincoln emphasize his sense of humor

and his honesty.

182 Culture

Usage tips Portrayal is often followed by an of phrase to indicate

what is being described.

Parts of speech portray v

9. realism n. A technique that tries to picture something as it really looks

Realism was popular among seventeenth-century Flemish painters

like Rembrandt van Rijn.

Parts of speech realist n, realistic adj

10. spectrum n. A range of different things, usually colors

Bart’s colorful designs include every color of the spectrum, from

deep blue to vibrant red.

Usage tips The phrase the spectrum frequently means “the colors

that the human eye can see.”

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. abstract (a) to show

2. depict (b) depiction

3. esthetically (c) presenting an idea, not a

realistic picture

4. perspective (d) in a way that relates to beauty

5. portrayal (e) way of seeing things from a

certain place

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The materials that go into a work of art usually have little (abstract /

intrinsic) value.

2. In the 1970s, artists known as “the Boston School” revived (realism /

context) by rejecting abstract techniques and trying to capture the actual

appearance of their subjects.

3. The colors of light that we can see are known as the visible (spectrum /

perspective).

Painting and Sculpture 183

4. Medieval artists did not try to use (context / perspective) to give a

sense of depth to their paintings.

5. The small, separate strokes of impressionist paintings give the works

a dreamlike (portrayal / dimension).

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Whether something is “art”is largely a matter of opinion. Art that most

people consider to have no intrinsic value can contain a great treasure

of ideas and invention to someone who sees something special in it.

Styles in all the arts range over a wide spectrum. Some good art is

esthetically unchallenging and easy to understand. Other

works are strange forms, totally out of context to everyone

but the artist. One artist’s portrayal of an everyday object,

such as a bouquet of flowers, may be grounded in realism

and easily recognizable. Another painter’s depiction of the

same bouquet may be very abstract, resembling flowers only in the

artist’s mind. Regardless of the artist’s approach, the best art reveals

new dimensions of experience and looks at the world from a fresh

perspective.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this

passage?

a. Styles of art have changed throughout history.

b. Realistic art has more meaning than abstract art.

c. Esthetically pleasing art is too simple to contain much meaning.

d. Works of art can mean different things, depending on one’s perspective.

2. According to this reading,what is one big difference between abstract

art and realistic art?

a. Abstract art is harder to sell.

b. Abstract art is harder to understand.

c. Abstract art is harder to produce.

d. Abstract art is harder to look at.

184 Culture

Bonus Structure—

Totally means

“completely” or “in

every way.”

Lesson 37 Painting and Sculpture

TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. e 5. b

TOEFL Prep II 1. intrinsic 2. realism 3. spectrum

4. perspective 5. dimension

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. b

Painting and Sculpture 185

LESSON

The Written Word

Target Words

1. advent 6. illiterate

2. ambiguous 7. ingenious

3. connotation 8. inscription

4. decipher 9. phonetic

5. denote 10. symbolic

Definitions and Samples

1. advent n. Coming; arrival

The advent of the automobile greatly increased the demand for

petroleum.

Usage tips Advent is usually followed by an of phrase.

2. ambiguous adj. Having more than one possible meaning

The sentence It’s hard to say is ambiguous, with different meanings

in different contexts.

Parts of speech ambiguity n, ambiguously adv

3. connotation n. A meaning implied, not stated directly

When my boss says,“Thank you,” the connotation is that she’s done

talking and I should leave.

Parts of speech connote v

38

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4. decipher v. To figure out the meaning, even though it is written in a

code or an unknown language

The Rosetta Stone helped archaeologists decipher ancient Egyptian

writing.

Usage tips A cipher is a code or puzzle; decipher means “solve a

puzzle written in code.”

5. denote v. To mean something clearly and directly

An “X”next to a name on this list denotes a person who has been

chosen for the soccer team.

Parts of speech denotation n

6. illiterate adj. Unable to read

In many villages nearly everyone was illiterate and unschooled, and

the few who could read held great power.

Parts of speech illiterate n, illiteracy n

7. ingenious adj. Very clever and imaginative

Ann thought up an ingenious way to keep other people from accidentally

taking her pens.

Parts of speech ingenuity n, ingeniously adv

8. inscription n. Something written into a piece of rock or metal

The inscription on my ring says “August 1,” because that was the

day of our wedding.

Parts of speech inscribe v

9. phonetic adj. Related to the sounds in a language

Children learning to write often make up phonetic spellings, based

on the way a word sounds.

Parts of speech phonetics n, phonetically adv

The Written Word 187

10. symbolic adj. Acting as a sign for some other thing or idea

Since the 1970s, yellow ribbons have been symbolic of hope that

someone will return from a dangerous situation.

Usage tips Symbolic is often followed by an of phrase indicating the

meaning of a symbol.

Parts of speech symbolize v, symbol n, symbolically adv

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank.

1. advent (a) approach or arrival

2. decipher (b) newly invented in a clever way

3. ingenious (c) to figure out the meaning

4. inscription (d) related to spoken sounds

5. phonetic (e) something written into a hard

surface

TOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in the blank

with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

ambiguous connotation denote illiterate symbolic

1. If my father told me to be quiet, the __________ was “I have a

headache.”

2. The president’s response,“Wait and see,”was __________, meaning

that perhaps he would take action, perhaps not.

3. In English writing, a mark called an apostrophe usually __________

a missing letter, as in isn’t for is not.

4. A circle with a plus attached (U) is __________ of “woman” and of the

planet Venus.

5. Farley was a poor, __________ boy from a remote area who later

taught himself to read and write.

188 Culture

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Johannes Gutenberg’s ingenious use of movable type in his printing

press had a wide range of effects on European societies. Most obviously,

readers no longer had to decipher odd handwriting, with

ambiguous lettering, in order to read a written work.

Gutenberg gave each letter standard forms, a move that

had connotations far beyond the printing business.The

inscriptions on tombstones and roadside mileposts, for

example, could now be standardized.The cost of books

decreased. Even illiterate people benefited indirectly from

the advent of this invention, as the general level of information

in society increased. However, Gutenberg’s press was of limited

use for languages that used picture-like symbols for writing instead of

a phonetic system. Systems of symbolic pictographs, each of which

denotes a word, require many thousands of characters to be cast into

lead type by the printer. Phonetic systems, like the Latin alphabet, use

the same few characters, recombined in thousands of ways to make

different words.

1. According to this reading, how did the invention of the printing press

benefit illiterate people?

a. It helped them learn to read.

b. It raised the level of information in a society.

c. It lowered the cost of books.

d. It saved them from having to read ambiguous handwriting.

2. Why was Gutenberg’s press not very practical for languages that

use picture-like symbols?

a. because character-based languages are made of pictographs

b. because phonetic alphabets are clearer

c. because there are too many characters to make movable type for

each one

d. because Gutenberg was European, so he didn’t know any characterbased

languages

The Written Word 189

Bonus Structure—

Most obviously

introduces an easyto-

see effect and

implies that lessclear

effects will

come later.

Lesson 38 The Written Word

TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. e 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. connotation 2. ambiguous 3. denote

4. symbolic 5. literate

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. c

190 Culture

LESSON

Entertainment

Target Words

1. amateurish 6. improvisation

2. cast 7. incompetent

3. charismatic 8. medium

4. gala 9. skit

5. hilarious 10. zeal

Definitions and Samples

1. amateurish adj. Not good enough to be the work of professionals

Whoever painted this room did an amateurish job, with all sorts of

uneven edges.

Parts of speech amateur n, amateurishly adv

2. cast n. The group of actors in a play, movie, television show, etc.

Some viewers mistakenly start thinking that a TV show’s cast members

are really the characters they play.

Usage tips In U.S. English, cast is singular. In some other varieties of

English it is plural.

Parts of speech cast v

3. charismatic adj. Extremely attractive and charming

Because of the sparkle in his eye and his confident style, John F.

Kennedy was a charismatic leader.

Parts of speech charisma n, charismatically adv

39

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4. gala adj. Expensive, elaborately arranged, and full of celebration

A college graduation party should be a gala affair, not a backyard

barbecue.

Usage tips Gala is somewhat old-fashioned, far more common in

print than in speech.

Parts of speech gala n

5. hilarious adj. Very funny

In my opinion, the most hilarious character on television was Basil

Fawlty.

Parts of speech hilarity n

6. improvisation n. Inventing a solution to an unexpected problem

Boy Scouts take pride in their improvisation when faced with trouble

during a camping trip.

Parts of speech improvise v, improvisational adj

7. incompetent adj. Unskilled; lacking the ability to perform a task

Because we hired an incompetent builder to replace our roof, we

now have leaks everywhere.

Usage tips Usually, incompetent implies that someone tries to do

something but fails.

Parts of speech incompetence n, incompetently adv

8. medium n. A channel or way for a meaning to be expressed

Watercolor art is often considered childish, but some artists have

achieved great things working in that medium.

Usage tips The plural of medium is media.

9. skit n. A short, informal play

Marnie and Chris spent a long time practicing their skit for the

school show.

192 Culture

10. zeal n. Enthusiasm; a deep determination to do well

Unfortunately,Tom’s zeal to become a rock star distracted him from

his studies.

Usage tips Zeal is often followed by to plus a verb or by a for phrase.

Parts of speech zealot n, zealous adj

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the

blank.

1. amateurish (a) group of people in a movie

2. cast (b) very funny

3. hilarious (c) unable to perform a task

4. incompetent (d) enthusiasm

5. zeal (e) not like professionals

TOEFL Prep II Complete each sentence by filling in the blank

with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

charismatic gala improvisation medium skit

1. The sixth-grade class put on a little __________ about Thanksgiving

Day.

2. The year ended with a __________ celebration featuring a professional

orchestra.

3. Gena’s skills at __________ saved the play when she forgot her

real lines.

4. Television is a passive __________ because it demands no input from

the viewer.

5. Movie stars that are especially __________ often take advantage of

their charm to go into politics.

Entertainment 193

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

When the artistic medium of theater falls into the hands of college

students, the results can be unpredictable. At one college, we saw

Shakespeare’s Hamlet done as musical theater.The idea was bad to start

out with, and the actual play was amateurish, bordering on incompetent.

The cast did not understand the tragic power of the play. Their

improvisation when they forgot their lines was silly and inappropriate.The

costumes and set design looked homemade, like something

from an elementary-school skit.Three months later, however,

this same group of students did a great job with the comedy

A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Surprisingly enough, the

actors were charismatic, played their parts with zeal, and achieved a

hilarious result. It was no gala event, but we still felt that it was one of the

best performances we had seen.

1. What word best describes the author’s opinion of the student performance

of Hamlet?

a. incompetent

b. charismatic

c. hilarious

d. full of zeal

2. What is the author’s opinion of student performances in general?

a. Students should not perform Shakespeare’s plays.

b. Sometimes student productions are good, and other times they

are not.

c. All student shows are amateurish.

d. Student performances should be gala events.

Lesson 39 Entertainment

TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. skit 2. gala 3. improvisation 4. medium

5. charismatic

TOEFL Success 1. a 2. b

194 Culture

Bonus Structure—

However indicates

a change in focus.

LESSON

Risky Fashions

Target Words

1. bulk 6. minimum

2. capricious 7. striking

3. cumbersome 8. trend

4. exotic 9. vanity

5. inhibit 10. vulnerable

Definitions and Samples

1. bulk n. Largeness and a heavy appearance

The bulk of Kevin’s athletic body was too great for one small chair,

so he sat on a bench.

Parts of speech bulky adj

2. capricious adj. Moving unpredictably from one thing to another

Your college studies will go on too long if you make capricious

jumps from one major to another.

Usage tips Capricious comes from a Latin word meaning “goat”and

implies a motion like the jumping of a goat.

Parts of speech capriciousness n, capriciously adv

3. cumbersome adj. Difficult to wear or carry because of weight or shape

To make it to the top of the mountain before dark, the hikers

dumped their cumbersome tent.

40

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4. exotic adj. Interesting or unusual because of coming from a faraway

place

I walked into the restaurant and smelled the exotic aromas of

Malaysian spices.

Parts of speech exoticism n, exotically adv

5. inhibit v. To discourage or to slow down

This lotion will inhibit the itching caused by mosquito bites.

Parts of speech inhibition n

6. minimum n. The smallest possible amount or level

The minimum for being accepted to Cavill University is a score of

60 on the test.

Parts of speech minimize v, minimum adj, minimal adj,

minimally adv

7. striking adj. Very noticeable; easily attracting attention

Gordon had a striking new attitude after he learned self-discipline

at the army academy.

Usage tips Striking comes from a verb that means “to hit.”

Parts of speech strike v, strikingly adv

8. trend n. A movement in one direction or a widespread change in

fashion

The trend among some young men is to wear their caps with the

bill off to one side.

Parts of speech trend v, trendy adj

9. vanity n. An excessive concern for one’s appearance

Mark’s vanity led him to spend far too much money on haircuts

and new clothes.

Parts of speech vain adj

196 Culture

10. vulnerable adj. Exposed to possible harm

Babies and very old people are especially vulnerable to the new

disease.

Usage tips Vulnerable is often followed by a to phrase.

Parts of speech vulnerability n, vulnerably adv

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. capricious (a) encourage

2. exotic (b) maximum

3. inhibit (c) ordinary

4. minimum (d) predictable

5. vulnerable (e) well protected

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes the sentence.

1. The (trend / bulk) of his sweater made him look fatter than he really

was.

2. Some analysts see a relationship between fashion (trends / vanity) and

the ups and down of the economy.

3. The outfits worn by firefighters are (vulnerable / cumbersome) and

heavy.

4. Her necklace was especially (cumbersome / striking) because of the

diamonds it contained.

5. (Vanity / Bulk) led my grandfather to dye his hair and to dress like

someone 40 years younger.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The fashion industry encourages people to spend far too much time and

money on clothes. It’s natural for humans to use clothing as a mark of

Risky Fashions 197

belonging to a group and to try to keep up with style trends.

The fashion industry exploits this natural desire and turns it

into a capricious, impractical, and expensive rush from one

style to another. For example, in one recent year, fashion did

an abrupt about-face. Early in the year, fashionable outfits

showed a minimum amount of fabric and a maximum

amount of skin. By late summer, famous fashion designers

were drowning people in bulky, cumbersome outfits that

looked five sizes too big. Vanity inhibits people from looking realistically

at exotic clothing fads.A striking new style catches their eye, they look at

the clothes they’re wearing, and they are suddenly vulnerable to the

manipulation of the fashion industry.

1. Which word best describes the fashion industry, according to the

author?

a. striking

b. minimum

c. capricious

d. vulnerable

2. What is one reason people buy the latest fashions, according to the

author?

a. Because they want to feel like they are part of the group.

b. Because they enjoy spending money.

c. Because the fashion world is bizarre.

d. Because their clothes from last year don’t fit.

Lesson 40 Risky Fashions

TOEFL Prep I 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. e

TOEFL Prep II 1. bulk 2. trends 3. cumbersome 4. striking

5.Vanity

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a

198 Culture

Bonus Structure—

It’s natural for

introduces an

aspect of fashion

that’s not bad, but

it implies that an

“unnatural” aspect

will come next.

400 Must-Have Words

for the TOEFL

abandon

abduction

abstract

accumulate

accuracy

accuse

acquire

acquisition

adapt

addictive

adjacent

adjust

adolescent

advent

adversely

advocate

affection

affluence

aggravate

aggregate

agnostic

allegedly

allegiance

allocate

amateurish

ambiguous

amend

analyze

ancestral

anesthesia

animism

annex

anomaly

anticipate

antipathy

apex

apprehend

arbitrary

arrogantly

artillery

ascertain

assail

assess

asset

assimilate

associate

astrological

atheist

augment

authority

battle

be inclined to

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berate

biased

bitterly

bond

bribery

bulk

burden

bureaucratic

candidate

capricious

cartel

cast

catastrophic

cause

cease

certifiably

charismatic

chronologically

circulate

civil

clique

coalition

coerce

cohesion

coincide

collapse

collide

combustion

commodity

compensate

complex

complication

component

compress

concentrated

condemn

confide

conflict

connotation

conquest

consciously

consequence

constraint

contamination

contemplate

contemptuous

contest

context

contrary

convey

convict

core

corrode

counter

cremation

cultivation

cumbersome

cure

curriculum

cynically

de facto

decipher

decline

decrepit

degrade

deify

delinquency

denominator

denote

deny

depict

deplete

derive

descendant

despise

despondent

detain

detection

200 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL

deviant

devise

devotion

dilemma

dimension

diminish

discretely

discriminate

disease

dispose of

distill

distinctly

distort

diverse

divination

domesticate

dynamic

ecclesiastical

election

elementally

elite

engender

entrepreneurial

equity

erode

erudite

eruption

esthetically

evade

evidence

evolve

exalt

exclusive

exotic

expeditiously

exploit

exponentially

extinction

extract

famine

fatally

feasibly

feature

fertilize

flood

fluctuate

folklore

forensics

fortify

fossilize

fringe

gala

gap

generation

grotesque

guilty

gut

haggle

haunt

hazardous

hedonistic

hierarchy

hilarious

horror

humiliation

hypocritically

hypothesize

illiterate

impact

impair

implant

implement

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL 201

implicate

implicitly

impoverish

improvisation

in common

in the trenches

inaugurate

incentive

incompetent

indisputable

industrious

inference

infinitesimal

inflation

ingenious

inherent

inheritance

inhibit

inject

innovative

inquiry

inscription

installation

integrally

integrity

intensify

intentionally

interdict

intermediary

intervene

intrepid

intrinsic

intrusively

intuitively

invasive

invoke

irrigation

jointly

juxtapose

kin

lease

legitimate

liability

longitude

loyal

luxury

maintenance

manipulation

marginal

maximize

meditate

medium

merchant

migration

milieu

minimum

misconception

mobilize

modify

nobility

nucleus

objectively

obnoxious

obtain

offense

Orwellian

overlap

202 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL

paradigm

parallel

parochial

passion

paternal

per capita

permeate

persevere

perspective

phantom

phonetic

photosynthesis

physical

pious

piracy

plunge

policy

poll

portrayal

precipitation

predicament

prejudiced

prevailing

prevalent

privileged

procedure

process

proliferation

proportionately

prototype

proximity

psychic

rank

rate

ratio

realism

rebel

recede

reciprocity

reconciliation

reform

regulate

relic

reservoir

residual

retain

retrieve

reward

ritually

rotate

sacrifice

safeguard

saga

scandal

scar

secular

seize

self-perpetuating

sequence

severely

shame

shrink

shuttle

sibling

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL 203

simulation

skit

smuggle

solar

sole

solidarity

source

spectrum

stable

status quo

stigmatize

strategic

striking

structure

subsidy

subtly

surveillance

survive

suspect

suspend

suspicious

symbolic

tangible

terminal

tolerate

trend

unleash

unmask

vanish

vanity

vein

verdict

versus

vestige

villainy

violation

vitriolic

vulnerable

willing

witness

working class

wound

zeal

204 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL

About the Authors

LYNN STAFFORD-YILMAZ has taught ESL for 15 years and is the author of several

popular ESL books.

LAWRENCE J. ZWIER teaches at Michigan State University and is the author of

numerous general interest and ESL books, including Building Academic Vocabulary.

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