- 4th century BC: Britain= Briton, and the people here were called Britons. They belong to the Celtic race.

- 1st century AD: Briton was invaded by the Roman Empire. They found valuable metals so they decided to settle down. England and Wales became a part of Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.

- 4th century AD: invastion of a group of barbaric people over the Europe. The Roman had to return to Rome to protect their own country.

- 5th century AD: the conquest of Germanic Angles + Saxong.

- The Anglo- Saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English, the founders of  "Angle- land" or "England".

- From the late 8th century on rainders from Scandinayia, the cruel Viking, threatend Britain's shores. The English heroes were truly English.

- The next invaders were the Normans, from northern France, descendants of Vikings. Undet William of Normandy they crossed the English Channel in 1066, and in the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold.

- Power was gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. In 16th and 17th centuries: a struggle for power between the Monarch and the Parliam.

2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great Britain?

- Is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area.

- The most confident of its own identity.

- The most rugged part of the UK, with areas of Sparsely populated mountains & lakes in the north (The Highlands) & in the South (The southern Uplands).

- Scotland was not conquered by Anglo Saxons.

- Scotland began to experience Viking raids in the 9th century, and it was the pressure from this outside threat that led Scottish kings to unify, forming an independent singular Scottish state.

- In 1314 Scottish defeated the English in the Battle of Bannockburn, leading to 300 years of full independence.

- 1603 the Queen Elizabeth I died childless so James the sixth of Scotland become James the I of the England, uniting the two thrones.

- In the 1707 the English & Scottish Par, decided to form a union based on agreement. GB was created.

- The dream of an independent Scotland has not Vanished, Scotland elects its MPs to the London Par & sends 72 representatives to London.

3. Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict. Please illustrate this point. What do you know about the Good Friday Agreement?

History: Ireland has been divides by a long & Bloody conflict:

- Before 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" not only  "Nothern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain and had been since 1801.

- From the time of Queen E.Beth 1 (1590s) the new settlers, loyal to the British crown and Par in religous persuasion, were granted land, position and privileges (from Roman Catholic).

- In 17th century, English & Scottish Protestant were sent to N.I to stop Irish Catholic from causing troubles.

Fighting: English and Scottish Protestant against Irish Catholics.

- The Irish Protestant helped the English and Scottish Protestant, so Irish Catholics had to escape to the south (Republic of Ireland).

- In 1801 Ireland  became part of UK.

- Until 1921 the Uk was "The United Kingdom of GB & Ireland (not only N.I). (Because in 1919 the IRA(Irish republican Army) enlarged the fighting & the Sinn Fein Party supporters of Irish terrorists gained most of the Irish seats in the British Par.

--> So Irish independence became inevitable (=sure).

- In 1921 Ireland was divided into 2 parts:

+  N.I belongs to Uk.

+ Republic of Ireland / Irish Republic: independent.

The Good Friday Agreement (Because Protestant attracked Catholic).

- Three separate attempts were made to draft an agreement between  the British and Irish Goverment : In January 1974, the British P.M Edward Heath set up a power sharing executive.

- The next attempt at an all- government solution as known as the Anglo- Irish Agreement of 1985.

- Under the agreement the  Dublin government was able to make representations to the British government on the matters affecting the northern, Catholic minority.

- During this time, 2 government of Ireland and G.B continued their efforts to find a practical solution to the situation: The Good Friday Agreement on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures that N.I remains part of the UK & will not cease to be so without the consent of the majority of the people of N.I

4. What do you know about the Head of the UK? Why is she said to reign but not to rule?

: is the Monarchy:

- The oldest institution of government is the monarchy (rule by King or Queen)

- The power of the Monarchy: From the "divine right of King" (from God, not from the subjects)

- For thousand years Britain has had a hereditary King or Queen as the head of state.

The Queen reigns but doesn't rule:

In the 16th and 17th centuries:

- A struggle for power between the Monarch and the Parliament.

- The Par. controlled most of the national wealth so the Par. won

- The Par. allowed the Monarch to continue to function but within certain limits under the Par. control

Role of the Monarchy today:

- The Monarchy today symboliazes the tradition and unity of the British State.

The Queen:

- Represents Britain at home and abroad

- Sets standards of good citizenship and family life.

In law, the Queen is:

- Head of State

- Head of excutive and the Judiciary.

- Head of the Church of England.

- Commander -in- chief of the armed forces.

The Queen's remaining powers:

- To summon, prorogue or dissolve the Par.

- To give Royal Assent/ agreement to legislation passed by the Par.

- To apoit important positions.

- To confer honours

- To remit sentence

- To declare war or make peace . But all are under the Par.'s control or direction

- Financial support for the Royal Family comes from the taxpayer, due to the fact that the Royal Family fulfits its role on behalf of the British people.

Therefore, taxpayers sometimes criticise the Government for spending too much on the Royal Family.

- Every Tuesday  the P.M attends the Queen privately at Buckkingham Palace. Her long experience & her political neutrality make her a good source of informed observation on the day to day problems of Governmance.