RELATIVE CLAUSE

I)Defining clause<mệnh đề xác định>

Dùng để xác định rõ cho DT đứng trước ĐCĐT quan hệ

1)Who đứng ngay sau danh từ chỉ người là chủ ngữ trong câu mệnh đề

_Yesterday, I met a girl. She went to the same school as me

=>Yesterday, I met a girl who went to the same school as me

2)Whom đứng ngay sau tân ngữ trong câu mệnh đề

_Yesterday I met a girl.We often talk to at school

=>Yesterday I met a girl whom we often talk to at school

3)Whose thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu trong câu mệnh đề

_This is a boy. His father is a good doctor

=>This is a boy whose father is a good doctor

4)Which đứng ngay sau danh từ chỉ con vật đồ vật có thể là chủ ngữ hoặc trang ngữ trong câu mệnh đề

_We live in a house. It was built 2 years ago

=>We live in a house which was built 2 years a go

5)That dùng để thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ who, whom, which, khi trước các đại từ này không có giới từ

_The animal which live in the zoo are fed twice a day

=>The animal that live in the zoo are fed twice a day

CHÚ Ý

_Nếu đại từ quan hệ “whom,who,which”là tân ngữ trong câu mệnh đề trước nó không có giới từ có thể lược bỏ

_This is a boy I like very much

=>This is a boy whom I lke very much

=>This is a boy that I like very much

_Trong câu mệnh đề có giới từ, giới từ thể đứng ở đầu câu hoặc đứng trước đại từ quan hệ

_The boy play football well.I alway go out with him

=>The boy with whom I always go out play football very well

_”Which” dùng để thay thế nghĩa cho toàn bộ câu đứng trước đại từ quan hệ

_Yesterday I walked in the rain that make me sick

=>Yesterday I walked in the rain, which make me sick

II)Nondefining clause(mệnh đề không xác định)

_Dùng đề bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ

_Được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy

_That không thay thế được các đại từ quan hệ

_Đại từ quan hệ là tân ngữ không được bỏ đi

Dùng trong trường hợp

_Khi danh từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ

_Yesterday I met Lan. She sing very well

=>Yesterday I met Lan, who sing very well

 _Danh từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ đi với các tính từ sở hữu

_This is my house it was built 10 years ago

=>This is my house, which was built 10 years ago

_Danh từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ đi với các đại từ chỉ định “this, that, these, those”

_These children speak English well. They study at international school

=>These children, who study at international school, speak English well

CHÚ Ý

+All of, some of, none of, a lot of,…

+which con vật đồ vật/whom con người

_These are my friends. Three of them studying aboard

=>These are my friend, three of whom studying aboard

REPORTED SPEECH

I)Tense

_Present simple=>past simple

_Present continous=> past continous

_Present perfect=>past perfect

_Present perfect continous=>past perfect continous

_Past simple=>past perfect

_Past continous=>past perfect continous

_Past perfect=> past perfect

_Past perfect continous=>past perfect continous

+Will=>would

Can=>could

Must/have to=.>had to

May=>might

Might/should/have to=>không chuyển

Today=>that day

This week=>that week

This month=>that month

That year=>the year before

Yesterday=>the day before/the previous day

Last night=>the night before/the previous night

Next week=>the following week/the next week

Tomorrow=>The following

Here=>then

Now=>then

This=>that

These=>those

ago=>before

II)Các dạng câu

1)Positive=>negative

+S+said/said to SB/told SB+that+S+V(lùi thời)

_”It is raining today”she said

=>She said that it was raining that day

2)Yes, no question

+S+asked SB/wondered/wanted to know+If(wether)+S+V(lùi thời)

_”Did you watch TV last night”he said

=>He asked if I had watched TV the night before

3)Wh-question

+S+asked SB/wondered/wanted to know+Wh+S+V(lùi thời)

_”How many children does your teacher have?”she asked

=>She wondered how many children my teacher had

4)Command

+Do ST/Don’t do ST=>S+told/ordered+SB to do ST/not to do ST

_Listen carefully and don’t talk in class

=>The teacher order her student to listen and not to talk in class

5)Request

+Can/could you+V please

Would you mind+Ving

Will you please+V

=>S+asked+SB to do ST/not to do ST

_”Can you wake up me at 5pm tomorrow”she said

=>She aked me to wake up her at 5pm the next day

6)Advice

+S+should/ought to/ had better+V

If I were you

=>S+advised+SB+to do ST/not to do ST

_”You should stop smoking”The doctor said

=>The doctor advised me to stop smoking

7)Invitation

+Would you like ST

ST please

=>S+offered SB ST

_”Would you like some more coffee”she said

=>She offered me some more coffee

+Would you like to do ST=>S+invited SB to do ST

_”Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight”the boy said

=>The boy invited me to go to the cinema with him that night

8)Remind

+Remember to do ST

Don’t forget to do ST

=>S+reminded SB to do ST

_”Don’t forget to do your home work carefully”the teacher said to her student

=>The teacher reminded her student to do their homework carefully

9)

+S+promised+to do ST

+S+agreed+to do ST

+S+refused+to do ST

+S+warned SB+to do ST/against ST doing ST

_”No, Idon’t want to go out with you” she said

=>She refused to go out with me

10)Apology

+I’m sorry=>S+apologized (to SB) for doing ST

_”Sorry, I was rude to you yesterday”she said

=>She apologized for being rude to me the day before

11)Accuse

+S+accuse SB of doing ST

_”John you broke my camera”Peter said

=>Peter accuse John of broking his camera

12)Suggestion

+What about/How about+Ving

Why don’t we+V

Shall we+V

Let’s+V

=>S+suggested doing ST

_”How about eating out tonight”Mary said

=>Mary suggested eating out that night

+Why don’t you

If I were you

=>S+suggested that S+should do ST

_”Why don’t you apply for a job in this company” Lan said

=>Lan suggested that me should apply for a job in this company

13)Congratulation

+S+congratulated SB on doing ST

_”Congratulation Lan you have passed the eaxam” Hoa said

=>Hoa congratulated Lan on passing the exam

14)Other structure

+S+insisted on doing ST:nài nỉ ai làm gì

+S+denied doing ST: phủ nhận

+S+admitted doing ST:thú nhận

+S+begged SB to do ST:cầu xin ai làm gì

NOTE

_Không lùi thời khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp

TH1:câu điều kiện loại 1 và loại 2

_”If I were you, I would take this job” he said

=>He said if he were me he would take this job

TH2:động từ trích dẫn chia ở hiện tại

_”Why is sky blue”my daughter always asks me

=>My daughter always asks me why the sky is blue

TH3:cấu trúc giả định

+Wish, It’s time, would rather

_”I wish, I didn’t have to do much homework everyday”the boy said

=>The boy said he wished he didn’t have to do much homework everyday