De cuong mon : kinh te nong ho va trang trai

1.1  kinh te ho:

1.1.1      ho thuong co chung 5dd:

*co chung nguon luc

*co chung ngan sach

*cung sinh hoat duoi 1 mai nha

*cung an chung

*cung huong thu nhap

> kinh te ho gia dinh nong dan la 1 co so kt co dat dai,cac tlsx thuoc so huu cua ho gia dinh, su dung chu yeu suc lao dong cua gia dinh de san xuat va thuong la nam trong 1 he thong kinh te lon

1.1.2 kho khan va thach thuc trong thoi gian toi

*sx voi quy mo nho , tu cung ,tu cap

*trinh do hoc van, tay nghe thap,chu yeu dua vao kinh ngiem

*chat luong san pham hh chua cao,chu yeu duoi dang tho so nen tieu thu kho khan

*chenh lech lon ve thu nhap,giau thanh thi va nong thon

*bi chi phoi boi quy luat thi truong

*gia ca va thi ttruong ko on dinh,thieu nha cung cap,thieu tin cay va thieu thong tin de lua chon phuong an toi uu

*ky thuat so che va che bien con thap,chi phi giao dich cao

*dat nn lai mat dan vao cac khu cong nghiep,giao thong va do thi hoa

1.2 kinh te trang trai :

1.2.1 khai niem:

Nong trai la 1 manh dat ma tren do nong ho thuc hien cac hoat dong sxnn phuc vu cho sinh ke cua  ho(FAO, 1997)

Kinh te trang trai la hinh thuc to chuc sx hang hoa lon trong n-l-n nghiep cua cac thanh phan kt # o nong thon , co suc dau tu lon,co nang luc quan li truc tiep qua trinh sxkd, pp tao ra suat sinh loi cao hon binh thuong tren dong von,co trinh do dua vao nhung thanh tuu khoa hoc cong nghe moi ket tinh trong hh tao ra suc canh tranh cao hon thi truong xh ,mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao hon

1.2.2 cac dac trung co ban cua kinh te trang trai cua nuoc ta hien nay:

*mang tinh sxhh ro ret

*co su tap trung tich tu cao hon,ro ret so voi muc binh quan ve cac dksx( dat dai,vonm ,lao dong)dat khoi luong ty suat san phamhh lon hon va thu duoc nhieu loi nhuan hon

1.2.3 vai tro cua kinh te trang trai:

*phat huy duoc noi luc, khoi day tiem nang dat dai,lao dong,von trong dan cu

*thuc day chuyen dich co cau kinh te nn, nong thon, tao ra cac vung chuyen canh,sxhh>phat trien cong nghiep che bien nong san thuc pham> phat trien cong nghiep ,dv nong thon

*tao them cong an viec lam,tang thu nhap cho 1 bo phan dan cu>nang cao dan tri va doi song van hoa o nong thon,dac biet la vung trung du mien nui

1.2.4 nhung kho khan cua kttt:

*chua co tu cach phap nhan trong quan he giao dich voi cac co quan nha nuoc va cac to chuc kinh te

*hien tuong phan tan ruong dat cua cac trang trai, hoac chuyern nhuong nganh van dien ra kha pho bien>nen som co chinh sach ve dat dai

*co cau sx cua nhieu trang trai mang nang tinh tu phat va con nhieu bat hop li .tinh on dinh va ben vung cua kttt con thap

*chu trang trai con nhieu han che ve trinh fo to chuc quan li, ap dung khcn ,am hieu thi truong

*thieu von sx nghiem trong,cong cu lao dong con tho so ,thu cong la chu yeu, thieu ld ki thuat

*co so ha tang con yeu kem

*kha nang tiep can thi truong va cac dv kinh doanh nong nghiep con thap

Chuong II: bai tap

*TPP:tong sp,APP:sp trung binh APP=y/x,MPP:sp can bien MPP=detaY/detaX

*ham sx bieu thi ban chat cua viec phan anh muc dau ra doi voi dau vao

*tai diem TPPmax: muc sl ki thuat toi da # muc sl kinh te toi uu

*E=MPP/APP : e la su thay doi nguon luc

*MPP<0 nen E<0:sl giam do sd nhieu nguon luc.nen dung it nguon luc lai

*0<MPP<APP nen 0<E<1: sl tang va dat max

*APP<MPP nen E>1: ko hop voi logic kinh te

+TVP: tong gia tri sp TVP=Y.Py=TPP.Py

+avp:gia tri san luong trung binh AVP= APP.Py

+mvp:gia tri sp can bien mvp=mpp.py=deta tvp/deta x

+tic:tong chi phi tic=x.px

+mic:chi phi can bien mic=mvp=px

+mvp>mic:nen tang them chi phi dau vao(tien lai tang them do tang them  1 don vi vat tu va lon hon gia cua don vi vat tu do)

+mvp<mic: loi nhuan giam

+mvp=mic: tai diem E la diem loi nhuan duoc toi da hoa, va la muc toi uu kinh te

(mvp la do nghien cua ham sx,mic la duoc tong chi phi ,E la diem co do doc cua 2 duong tren bang nhau)

*diem toi uu kinh te: mvp=mic=px

*mvp>px: n nong dan sd qua it nguon luc

*mvp<px: n nong dan dung qua nhieu nguon luc

> mpp=px/py

*MR=deta tvp/deta y ; MC=deta tic/deta y

*tinh tien tu mvp=mic toi MR=MC la 2 cach bieu thi # cua cung 1 dk toi da hoa loi nhuan. Mvp=mic la tap trung vao gia tri sl gia tang mvp dat duoc tu moi dv dau vao tang them . MR=MC la tap trung vao sp cua dau vao gia tang MC de dat duoc 1 don vi sl gia tang

chuongIII: su thay the giua cac loai nguon luc

*do nghien cua duong cong dong luong mieu ta so luong x2( truc tung) thay the bang 1 don vi x1 tang them. Do nghien nay co gia tri am boi vi moi don vi x1 tang them bao ham su giam bot sd nguon luc cua x2.do nghieng nay duoc goi la ty le gioi han cua su thay the giua x1 va x2: MRS=-dX2/dX1, RTS=-MRS    ti le thay the=x duoc thay the/x duoc sd them

*su ket hop toi uu cua cac nguon luc :

Su ket hop toi uu cua cac nguon luc trong cac khia canh kinh te duoc x/d boi ty gia cua chung. Cach phoi hop hieu qua nhat cac nguon luc la sd luong nguon luc it nhat va cac muc gia khac nhau cho 1 sp xac dinh. O day , van de toi uu duoc xem nhu la vd toi thieu hoa chi phi chu ko phai toi da hoa loi nhuan

*duong dong phi:

do nghien cua duong dong phi bang ty le ngich cua gia nguon luc va la am. Do nghieng la am vi voi tung don vi nguon luc tang them x1 deu lam giam so luong dv x2,co the mua duoc voi 1 tong chi phi nhat dinh

ty le thay the=p1/p2 ( p1 gia dau vao sd them,p2 gia dau vao duoc thay the)

*diem toi uu hoa chi phi:

dX2/dX1=p1/p2 suy ra mpp1/mpp2=p1/p2 suy ra mppx1/px1=mppx2/px2

*duong gioi han kha nang sx:

-Duong PPF: the hien su ket hop cua sp toi da doi voi 1 nguon luc nhat dinh

-cac diem nam tren duong ppf tiep xuc voi moi truc cua do thi la so luong toi da cua tung loai sl co the tao ra = 1 so luong lao dong nhat dinh

-do nghien cua duong ppf x/d 1 ty le ma tai do 1 sl co the thay the boi 1 muc co dinh cua nguon vat tu # . do nghieng dy1/dy2 la so am vi nhieu sl y1 co the duoc sx voi muc dat dai it hon y2. do nghieng nay bieu thi su gia tangy1 la ket qua su giam bot y2

-ty le thay the se tang len khi co nhieu nguon luc chuyen dich tu sl nay sang sl#              ty le thay the=spdau ra duoc tang them/sp dau vao duoc thay the

                                        =dy1/dy2

-bat ki diem nao nam ben trong duong PPf la ko dat hq ve mat ky thuat

*duong dong muc thu nhap :

- do gnhieng cua cac duoc dong muc thu nhap=ty le ngich dao cua gia sl, ty le ngich dao do la so luong don vi y1 phai ban di de thu duoc cung  muc thu nhap nhu 1 don vi y2. do gnhieng nay la so am, boi vi tong thu nhap ko doi, tang thu nhap cua sl nay thi phai giam thu nhap cua sl kia

Ty le thay the=gia sp dau ra duoc thay the/gia sp dau ra tang                     them=p2/p1

*diem toi uu hoa kinh te: dy1/dy2=p2/p1 suy ra mppy1/mppy2=px2/px1

Suy ra mvpy1=mvpy2

Chuong IV: phan tich hanh vi chong rui ro

Tvp1: tong gia tri sp phan ung lai su gia tang su dung phan dam trong nam thuan loi( nam thoi tiet tot) ( tong gia tri sp o cac nam thuan loi)

Tvp2: tong gia tri cua sl phan ung lai su gia tang muc dau tu phan dam namko thuan loi

E(tvp): tong gia tri cua sl mong muon theo quan diem chu quan cua nguoi nong dan ve kha nang co the thuc su xay ra nam tot va nam xau.( tong gia tri sp mong muon)

P1: xac suat cua nam thuan loi

P2 :xac suat cua nam  ko thuan loi

P1+P2=1

E(tvp) la trung binh cua 2 ket qua tvp1 va tvp2 ung voic cac xac suat la p1 va p2              E(tvp)= p1.tvp1 +p2.tvp2

TFC: duong tong chi phi bieu thi su gia tang tong cpsx khi phai mua nhieu phan dam hon

*su dung nguon luc x1: neu xay ra o tvp1 thi dat duoc kha nang loi nhuan cao nhat ab. Neu xay ra o tvp2 thi bi lo lon la bj> neu hoat dong o diem nay thi chap nhan rui ro hon,xac suat dat loi nhuan cao hon la 0.6

*su dung nguon luc x2: neu xau ra o tvp1 thi dat loi nhuan ce. Neu xay ra o tvp2 thi dat loi nhuan it hon de.> neu hoat dong o diem nay la bieu hien thai do chong rui ro va kha nang xau nhat co the xay ra va xac suat la 0.4

*su dung nguon luc Xe. Bieu thi hieu qua phan phoi voi ket qua trung binh cua cac vu tot va xau . neu xay ra o tvp1 thi loi nhuan la fh( nhung o phai kha nang ln tot nhat). Neu xay ra o tvp2 thi mat mat la hi. Sx ta Xe : bieu thi thai do dung hoa rui ro