0) The Referential Theory of meaning: one is likely to conclude that their meaning is the thing they refer. Have to be either rejected or modified in some significant way

1) Referent : is the relationship between a word or an expression and the object it is used to refer to ( referent).

- a speaker indicates which things in the world.

2) Referring expression: is any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone, used with a particular referent in mind.

3) Sense: shows the internal relationship between that word or expression and others in the vocabulary of a language.

4) Prototype: is an object which is held to be very typical of the kind of object, which can be referred to by an expression containing the predicate. ( nghi trong dau')

5) Stereotype: is a list of the TYPICAL characteristic of things to which the predicate may be applied. ( dung trong van noi)

6) Semantic feature: are the smallest units of meaning in a word

7) Semantic field: is the organization of related words and expression into a system which shows their relationship to one another.

Ex: type of fruit: apple, lemon, banana, orange, plum..

8) Denotation: of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary.( nghia den, nghia trog tu dien)

- Connotation of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotation meaning.( nghia bieu vay, tuy theo cam nhan cua minh)

- Ex: woman: female, mature,human denotation

- Wicked, talkative: connotation

9) Hyponymy: is a paradigmatic relation among words which refer to the inclusion of the meaning of one word in that of another. It implies a super-ordinate/ hyponym and a subordinate/ hyponym term.

Ex: book: subordinate ( general)

Novel: hyponym of book.( particular)

10) Meronymy: cu the trong cai tong the( nose thuoc face)

11) Synonymy: are word having the same or nearly the same thing. They refer to the same of referent in the real word and are usually taken to be synonymous term

Ex: father - dad

+ Absolute synonym: also- too, therefore- hence

+Territorical: note- bill, underground- subway.

+Semantic: to look- glare- glance

+Stylistic: mum- mummy.

+Euphemism: die-pass away- begone

12) Antonym: are the word that are opposite in meaning.

+ Gradable: trai nguoc k hoan toan. Giua 2 tu con co the co cac tu #

Ex: hot- cold: cool, warm

+ Binary: trai nguoc hoan toan

Ex: male - female; alive- dead

+ Converse term: below - above, own- belong to, lend- borrow

+ Multiple incomlatible: k the nham lan duoc, tach biet.

Ex: spring - summer- fall- winter

13) Polysemy: occurs when a word has two or more related meanings.

Ex: bright= shining/ intelligent

Red: color/ lucky/ tevolution

14) Metaphor: is hidden comparision on the basis of similarity

ex: head: top position of body/ leader.

15) Homonymy : are words which have the same pronunciation and the same writing, but unrelated meaning

ex: bank: bo song/ ngan hang

16) Homophone: are word which sound alike but written differently , different meaning

ex: sew- sow, deer- dear

17) Homograph: same spelling, different meaning, pronunciation

ex: tear ( xe) - tear( nuoc mat)

18) Sentence: is a grammatically complete string of word expressing a complete thought

19) Utterance: is any stretch of talk, by one person , before and after which there is silence on the part of the person.

- Used by a particular person on a particular occasion.

- Dong trong ngoac ''...''

20) Proposition: is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some states of affair.

+ Analytic sentence: is one that is necessary TRUE ( hoan toan dung su that)

+ Contradictory : Is a sentence that is necessary FALSE( hoan toan sai su that)

+ Synthetic : TRUE OR FALSE

+

21) Presupposition: what a speaker assumes that the receiver of the message already knows.

- the preposition of an utterance remains the same under its NEGATION:

ex: John didn't stopping smoking/ John stopped smoking John once smoked cigarettes.

- ........INTERROGATION:

Ex: did John stop smoking? Why did J stop smoking???

- EXTENSION:

Ex:

22) Type of preposition:

+ Existence P.P: I've coached Jack's children jack has children

+Factive PP: we regret telling him( we told him)

+ Counterfactive PP: he pretends to be ill( he is not ill)

+ Counterfactual PP: if I weren't ill...( I was ill)

+Lexical PP: u r late again( I was late before)

+Structural PP: when did he leave? ( he left)

23) Speech art: when a speaker makes an utterance, he carries out a certain act called S.A

Ex: close the door( saying/requesting)

+ Phan loai: representative SA

+Commissive SA: ng noi cam ket lam j

+ Declarative SA: ng noi tuyen bo, phat ngon

+ Directive SA: commanding, requesting, warning, Inviting..

+ Expressive SA: greeting, apologizing, complaining, thanking...

+ Rogative: refer to a special kind of directives which deal with request for information and which is typically in form of a question

Ex: where u r? I'm from Vn.

24) Hyperbole: cuong dieu

Ex: I've invited millions of pp to my party

25) Litotoes: noi giam ( I don't think I would agree with u)

26) Irony: cham biem( u r lucky to have such an ugly and awkward wife)

27) Euphemism: