1. What is the French government doing about it? Terminated the few grands programmes ( state intervention). 1999 law on research and innovation ( create transfer between research and enterprise). - Set up: ARN ( Agence pour la recherche), - Set up: OSEO ( France's small Business Administration), - Universities become semi  autonomous, more applied, 71 cluster( pole de compétitive); Cluster : companies; education, public or private research in an innovation partnership( region based, cluster driven)

What clusters are located in the Dunkerque region? Logistic

2. Technology: All knowledge, product, process, tools methods and systèms employed in the creation of good or in providing services: Hardware, Software, Brainware, knowhow

3. Innovation is the use of new technological and market knowledge to offer a new product or service to customers

4. Impact on Society: Innovation enables a wider range of improved goods and services to be delivered to people worldwide. - More efficient food production, improved medical technologies, better transportaiton. - Increase Gross Domestic product by making labor and capital more effective and efficient. - However, may result in negative externalities, eg: pollution, entibiotic resistant bacteria.

5. Disruptive change:

Company do all the right thing: - Find out what their customers want, - Carry out the R & D needed, - Rapidly bring the new product to market, - Maintain good value for money.

... and still get nixed by an upstart, ... with a disruptive innovation

Disruptive technologies start beneath the radar

They attract a market not being served: - cheaper, but less served, - more convenient/ quicker/ easier to use

But has superior development potential

Ignored while its technology and support infrastructure evolves

By the time disrupted incumbent market leader  wake up

6. Core competency: is the collective learning in the organization, especially how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of technologies. It is also about the organization of work and the delivery of value.

Competencies & technology: Competencies wider than technology alone but its characteristics apply to technology well: - enable firm to enter wide variety of markets, - significant contribution to perceived customer benefits, - Is difficult to imitale, - Organisation's business environment is under constant change/flux/turbulence and it has always been that way.

Change is Faster than before, of larger magnitude than before, more disruptive than before, harder than before.

7. Stage gate model:

Discovery stage, gate 1, stage 1, Gate 2 ,... ,stage 5, post launch review.

... Idea screen, Scoping, Second Screen, Build business case, Go to development, Development, Go to testing, Testing & validation, Go to launch, Launch

8. Open innovation: means treating innovation like anything else - somthing that can be bought and sold on the open market, not just produced and used within the boundaries of the firm.

Close innovation: - no new technologies and ideas outside of firm. - Competitors could not take benefit, - More beneficial to company

9. The stage Gate product innovation process is a carefully designed business process - the result of the world's most comprehensive research into understanding what implemented and trusted product innovation process

Stage Gate is conceptual and operational road map or moving a new product project from idea to launch. Stage Gate divides the efforts into distinct stages separated by management decision gates. Cross functional teams must successful complete a prescribed set of related cross functional tasks in each stage prior to ob.