MÃ'c lÃ'c

Grammar Review 1

1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun) 1

Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an" 2

Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The" 3

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng another vµ other. 7

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng little, a little, few, a few 8

Së h÷u c¸ch 9

Verb 10

1) Present 10

1) Simple Present 10

2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing) 10

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII 11

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing 11

2. Past 12

1) Simple Past: V-ed 12

2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing 12

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII 13

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing 13

3. Future 13

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form 13

2) Near Future 14

3) Future Progressive: will/shall+verbing 14

4) Future Perfect: Whill/ Shall + Have + PII 15

Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ 16

1. C¸c tr­êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ 16

2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt 16

3. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng None vµ No 17

4. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng) 17

5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷ 18

6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÃ" 18

7. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng a number of, the number of: 19

8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÃ'u 20

9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are 20

§¹i tõ 22

1. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng (Chñ ng÷) 22

2. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷ 23

3. TÃnh tõ së h÷u 23

4. §¹i tõ së h÷u 23

5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n 24

T©n ng÷ 25

1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" lµ t©n ng÷ 25

2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷ 25

3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÃ-t 26

4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ 26

5. VÊn ®Ã' c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr­íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷. 27

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt 29

1. Need 29

1) Dïng nh­ mét ®éng tõ th­êng: ®­îc sö dÃ'ng ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã 29

2) Need ®­îc sö dÃ'ng nh­ mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt 29

2. Dare 30

1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m" 30

2) Dare dïng nh­ mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ 30

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to be trong mét sè tr­êng hîp 31

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to get trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t 33

1. To get + P2 33

2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm gÃ- 33

3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i gÃ- b¾t ®Çu. 33

4. Get + to + verb 33

5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ã' hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ã' nhËn thøc) = Gradually = dÇn dÇn 33

C©u hái 34

1. C©u hái Yes/ No 34

2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o 34

a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷ 34

b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷ 34

c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why 35

3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp 35

4. C©u hái cã ®u«i 35

Lèi nãi phÃ' häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh 36

1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh 36

2. Phñ ®Þnh 36

C©u phñ ®Þnh 38

MÃ-nh lÃ-nh thøc 40

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt 41

C©u ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n 42

1. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n cã thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i 42

2. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i 42

3. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë qu¸ khø 42

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if 43

Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if 44

1. If... then: NÕu... thÃ- 44

2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÃ-nh ®Ã' diÃ"n biÕn bÃ-nh th­êng theo thêi gian cña chÃnh nã. 44

3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÃ"n ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem thªm phÇn sö dÃ'ng should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cÃ' thÃ") 44

4. If.. was/were to... 44

5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng vÃ-, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo. 44

6. Not ®«i khi ®­îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ã" bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n. 45

7. It would... if + subject + would... (sà lµ... nÕu â€" kh«ng ®­îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt) 45

8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÃ"n ®¹t ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø 45

9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l­îc bá) 45

10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh­ any/anything/ever/not diÃ"n ®¹t phñ ®Þnh 45

11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ) 46

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to Hope, to Wish. 47

1. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng cã thËt ë t­¬ng lai 47

2. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i 47

3. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë qu¸ khø 47

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh­ lµ, nh­ thÃ" lµ) 49

Used to, to be/get used to 50

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng thµnh ng÷ would rather 51

1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷ 51

2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷ 51

a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÃ-n t¹i 51

b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i 52

c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë qu¸ khø 52

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng thµnh ng÷ Would like 53

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÃ-n t¹i 54

1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÃ, cã thÃ". 54

2. Should + Verb in simple form 54

3. Must + Verb in simple form 54

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø 56

1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã là ®• 56

2. Could have + P2 = Là ra ®• cã thÃ" (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng) 56

3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã là lóc Êy ®ang 56

4. Should have + P2 = Là ra ph¶i, là ra nªn 56

5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®• 56

6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang 56

C¸c vÊn ®Ã' sö dÃ'ng should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cÃ' thÃ" 57

TÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ 59

§éng tõ nèi 61

C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ 63

1. So s¸nh b»ng 63

2. So s¸nh h¬n kÃm 63

3. So s¸nh hîp lý 65

4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÃ-t 65

5. So s¸nh ®a béi 66

6. So s¸nh kÃp 66

7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... thÃ- ®•... 67

8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt 67

9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt 67

Danh tõ dïng lµm tÃnh tõ 69

Enough 70

Mét sè tr­êng hîp cÃ' thÃ" dïng Much & Many 71

Ph©n biÃ-t thªm vÃ' c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/ much. 73

Mét sè c¸ch dïng cÃ' thÃ" cña more & most 74

C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time 75

Tõ nèi 76

1. Because, Because of 76

Because of = on account of = due to 76

2. Tõ nèi chØ mÃ'c ®Ãch vµ kÕt qu¶ 76

3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶. 76

4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÃnh ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh¸c. 77

C©u bÞ ®éng 79

§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n 82

1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm gÃ- 82

2. To have/to get sth done = §­a c¸i gÃ- ®i lµm 82

3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth 82

4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao 82

5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i gÃ- bÞ lµm sao 82

6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ã" ai, cho phÃp ai lµm gÃ- 83

7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm gÃ- 83

8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÃ-t 83

C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- thay thÕ 84

1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phÃ' 84

2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phÃ' 84

3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phÃ' 84

4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phÃ' 84

5. MÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc. 85

1) MÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' b¾t buéc. 85

2) MÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' kh«ng b¾t buéc 85

6. TÇm quan träng cña viÃ-c sö dÃ'ng dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' 85

7. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which 86

8. Whose = cña ng­êi mµ, cña con mµ. 86

9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' 86

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng P1 trong mét sè tr­êng hîp 88

10. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ. 88

11. P1 ®­îc sö dÃ'ng ®Ã" rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi 89

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2) 90

Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dÃ'ng kh¸c cña that 91

1. That dïng víi t­ c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng) 91

2. MÃ-nh ®Ã' that 91

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh 93

1. Dïng víi would rather that 93

2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ. 93

3. Dïng víi tÃnh tõ. 93

4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr­êng hîp kh¸c 94

5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time 95

Lèi nãi bao hµm 96

1. Not only ..... but also 96

2. As well as: Còng nh­ 96

3. Both ..... and 97

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to know, to know how. 98

MÃ-nh ®Ã' nh­îng bé 99

1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp 99

2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu 99

3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a thÃ- .... 99

4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier 99

Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn 100

Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÃ-t kh¸c 102

Sù phï hîp vÃ' thêi ®éng tõ 103

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to say, to tell 104

§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng one vµ you 105

Tõ ®i tr­íc ®Ã" giíi thiÃ-u 106

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' 107

Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÃnh tõ 109

1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®­îc dïng lµm tÃnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n sau: 109

2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®­îc dïng lµm tÃnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n sau: 109

C©u thõa 110

CÊu tróc c©u song song 111

Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp 112

1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp 112

§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp 114

Sù ®¶o ng­îc phã tõ 115

1. Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÃ-t ®øng ë ®Çu c©u 115

C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p 118

1. KiÃ"m tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gÃ¥m 118

2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÃnh r­êm rµ: 118

3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®­îc chän ®Ã'u ph¶i phóc vÃ' cho nghÃœa cña bµi, ®Æc biÃ-t lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ. 119

4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®­îc phÃp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui chuÈn 119

Nh÷ng tõ dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn 120

PhÃ' lÃ'c: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c: 122

Giíi tõ 125

Ng÷ ®éng tõ 128

Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÃ-n bµi ®äc 130

Grammar Review

Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c thµnh phÇn sau ®©y

SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER

(OBJECT)

DIRECT INDIRECT

SUBJECT cã thÃ" lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ", mét VERB_ING, mét ®¹i tõ, song nhiÃ'u nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ. VÃ- lµ danh tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ã' sau:

1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun)

 Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc: Dïng ®­îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã hÃ-nh th¸i sè Ãt, sè nhiÃ'u. Nã cã thÃ" dïng ®­îc víi "a" vµ "the".

 Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc: Kh«ng dïng ®­îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã hÃ-nh th¸i sè Ãt, sè nhiÃ'u. Nã kh«ng thÃ" dïng ®­îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t.

 Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc cã hÃ-nh th¸i sè nhiÃ'u ®Æc biÃ-t.

 Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc cã d¹ng sè Ãt/ sè nhiÃ'u nh­ nhau chØ ph©n biÃ-t b»ng cã "a" vµ kh«ng cã "a"

Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.

 Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc nh­ food, meat, money, sand, water ... ®èi khi ®­îc dïng nh­ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u ®Ã" chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c nhau cña danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: water -> waters (N­íc -> nh÷ng vòng n­íc)

 Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc nh­ng khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc.

Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÃ-n ®¹i)

 B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®­îc víi c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc.

 ViÃ-c x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc lµ hÕt søc quan träng vµ th­êng lµ b­íc c¬ b¶n më ®Çu cho c¸c bµi nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL.

Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"

 Dïng "an" tr­íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:

o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O.

o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y.

o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an hour)

o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an M.P)

o L­u ý: §øng tr­íc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i dïng "a" (a university/ a uniform)

 Dïng "a" tr­íc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phÃ' ©m.

 §­îc dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÃ' mÆt vÞ trÃ/ tÃnh chÊt/ ®Æc ®iÃ"m hoÆc ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.

 Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l­îng nhÊt ®Þnh nh­: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a dozen.

 Dïng tr­íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh th­êng lµ hµng ngµn, hµng tr¨m nh­ a/ one hundred - a/one thousand.

 Dïng tr­íc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÃ'n: a kilo and a half, hay khi nã ®i ghÃp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ã" chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÃ" chØ nghØ nöa ngµy).

 Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh­ 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.

 Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÃ-: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.

 Dïng tr­íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ãt ®Õm ®­îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ what a nice day/ such a long life.

 A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt)

Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"

 Dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ ®• ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cÃ' thÃ" vÃ' mÆt tÃnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÃ"m, vÞ trà hoÆc ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.

 The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ

Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.

 Dïng tr­íc nh÷ng tÃnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.

Ex: The only way, the best day.

 Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s

 The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- + mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ'

Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman

 Tr­íc mét danh tõ ngÃ' ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÃ-t

Ex: She is in the (= her) garden

 The + danh tõ sè Ãt t­îng tr­ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt

Ex: The whale = whales (loµi c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)

L­u ý: Nh­ng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÃœa "loµi ng­êi" tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the".

Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÃ" tõ khi loµi ng­êi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt nµy)

 Dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ sè Ãt ®Ã" chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ng­êi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x• héi.

Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÃ-m nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc cao cÊp

 The + adj: T­îng tr­ng cho mét nhãm ng­êi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®­îc phÃp ë sè nhiÃ'u nh­ng ®­îc xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u. Do vËy ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÃ'u.

Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving

 The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ®• næi tiÕng vÃ' mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö

Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic

 The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ

used as adjective

Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole

(B¾c/ Nam Cùc)

Ex: Ex: The East End of London

(Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)

*Nh­ng kh«ng ®­îc dïng THE tr­íc c¸c tõ nµy nÕu nã ®i liÃ'n víi tªn ch©u lÃ'c hoÆc quèc gia: West Germany, North America...

 The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp x­íng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÃ"n/ ban nh¹c phæ th«ng

Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.

 The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÃ)/ tµu biÃ"n/ c¸c khinh khà cÇu.

Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg

 The + hä mét gia ®Ã-nh ë sè nhiÃ'u = gia ®Ã-nh nhµ

Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children

 Dïng tr­íc tªn hä cña mét ng­êi ®Ã" x¸c ®Þnh ng­êi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng ng­êi trïng tªn.

 Kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the" tr­íc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy trõ c¸c tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t.

Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning

Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.

 Kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the" tr­íc mét sè danh tõ nh­ home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÃ"n ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã vÃ- mÃ'c ®Ãch chÃnh hoÆc ra khái ®ã còng vÃ- mÃ'c ®Ãch chÃnh.

Ex: Students go to school everyday.

Ex: The patient was released from hospital.

 Nh­ng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng vÃ- mÃ'c ®Ãch chÃnh b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng "the".

Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.

Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork

*L­u ý: trong American English hospital vµ university ph¶i dïng víi THE:

Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).

Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student).

 Mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t

• Go to work = Go to the office.

• To be at work

• To be hard at work (lµm viÃ-c ch¨m chØ)

• To be in office (®­¬ng nhiÃ-m) <> To be out of office (§• m•n nhiÃ-m)

• Go to sea = ®i biÃ"n (nh­ nh÷ng thñy thñ)

• Go to the sea = ra biÃ"n, th­êng ®Ã" nghØ

• To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÃ"n

• To be at sea (ë trªn biÃ"n) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i hµnh.

• go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town (ë trung t©m) khi town lµ cña ng­êi nãi.

B¶ng sö dÃ'ng "the" vµ kh«ng sö dÃ'ng "the" trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®iÃ"n hÃ-nh

Cã "The" Kh«ng "The"

 Dïng tr­íc tªn c¸c ®¹i d­¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÃ"n, vÞnh vµ c¸c hÃ¥ (ë sè nhiÃ'u)

Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c d•y nói

Ex: The Rocky Mountains

 Tr­íc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÃ" duy nhÊt trong vò trÃ' hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi

Ex: The earth, the moon

The Great Wall

 The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh tõ riªng

Ex: The University of Florida

 the + sè thø tù + danh tõ

Ex: The third chapter.

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®­îc tÃnh tõ ho¸

Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy)

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc cã hai tõ trë lªn (ngo¹i trõ Great Britain)

Ex: The United States

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc ®­îc coi lµ mét quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o

Ex: The Philipines

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c tµi liÃ-u hoÆc sù kiÃ-n lÞch sö

Ex: The Constitution, The Magna Carta

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÃ"u sè

Ex: the Indians

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cÃ' thÃ"

Ex: The Solid matter Physics

 Tr­íc tªn mét hå

Ex: Lake Geneva

 Tr­íc tªn mét ngän nói

Ex: Mount Vesuvius

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chßm sao

Ex: Venus, Mars

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c tr­êng nµy nÕu tr­íc nã lµ mét tªn riªng

Ex: Stetson University

 Tr­íc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng víi mét sè ®Õm

Ex: Chapter three

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc më ®Çu b»ng New, mét tÃnh tõ chØ h­íng hoÆc chØ cã mét tõ

Ex: New Zealand, North Korean, France

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c lÃ'c ®Þa, tØnh, tiÃ"u bang, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÃ-n

Ex: Europe, Florida

 Tr­íc tªn bÊt kÃ- m«n thÃ" thao nµo

Ex: baseball, basketball

 Tr­íc c¸c danh tõ trõu t­îng (trõ mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t)

Ex: freedom, happiness

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi chung

Ex: mathematics

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÃ", tÕt

Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng another vµ other.

Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÃ' mÆt nghÃœa nh­ng kh¸c nhau vÃ' mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc

 another + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè Ãt = mét c¸i n÷a, mét c¸i kh¸c, mét ng­êi n÷a, mét ng­êi kh¸c.

 the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè Ãt = c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), ng­êi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).

 Other + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÃ'u = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ng­êi n÷a, mÊy ng­êi kh¸c.

 The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÃ'u = nh÷ng c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), nh÷ng ng­êi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).

 Other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = mét chót n÷a.

 The other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = chç cßn sãt l¹i.

Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.

(another = any other book - not specific)

I don't want this book. Please give me the other.

(the other = the other book, specific)

 Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other lµ x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ ®• ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn thÃ- ë d­íi chØ cÇn dïng Another hoÆc other nh­ mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.

 NÕu danh tõ ®­îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÃ'u: Other -> Others. Kh«ng bao giê ®­îc dïng Others + danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u. ChØ ®­îc dïng mét trong hai.

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng sau another hoÆc other.

L­u ý: This hoÆc That cã thÃ" dïng víi one nh­ng These vµ Those kh«ng ®­îc dïng víi ones.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng little, a little, few, a few

 Little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = rÊt Ãt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ã" (cã khuynh h­íng phñ ®Þnh)

Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

 A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ã"

Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries

 Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÃ'u = cã rÊt Ãt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ã" (cã khuynh h­íng phñ ®Þnh)

Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading

 A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÃ'u: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ã"

Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ®• ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn thÃ- ë phÃa d­íi chØ cÇn dïng little hoÆc few nh­ mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.

Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.

 Quite a few (®Õm ®­îc) = Quite a bit (kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc) = Quite a lot (c¶ hai) = rÊt nhiÃ'u.

Së h÷u c¸ch

 The noun's + noun: ChØ ®­îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho c¸c ®å vËt.

Ex: The student's book The cat's legs.

 §èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u ®• cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy

Ex: The students' book.

 Nh­ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÃ'u ®Æc biÃ-t kh«ng "s" ë ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u c¸ch.

Ex: The children's toys. The people's willing

 NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch thÃ- danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sà mang dÊu së h÷u.

Ex: Paul and Peter's room.

 §èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ®• cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i cã thÃ" chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy vµ nhÊn m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng së h÷u c¸ch vµ ph¶i thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc. Tªn riªng kh«ng dïng "the" ®»ng tr­íc.

Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]

Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.

 Nã ®­îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ)

Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÃ-n cña thËp niªn 90

The 21st century's prospects.

 Cã thÃ" dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n vµ mïa thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho hai mïa nµy thÃ- ng­êi viÕt ®• nh©n c¸ch ho¸ chóng. Ngµy nay ng­êi ta dïng c¸c mïa trong n¨m nh­ mét tÃnh tõ cho c¸c danh tõ ®»ng sau, Ãt dïng së h÷u c¸ch.

Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chiÕc l¸ cña nµng thu.

 Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty lín, c¸c quèc gia

Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food.

 §èi víi c¸c cöa hiÃ-u cã nghÃ' nghiÃ-p ®Æc tr­ng chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ víi dÊu së h÷u.

Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser's

§Æc biÃ-t lµ c¸c tiÃ-m ¨n: Antonio's

 Dïng tr­íc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè thµnh ng÷

Ex: a stone's throw from ...(C¸ch n¬i ®©u mét tÇm ®¸ nÃm).

Verb

 §éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh Chia lµm 3 thêi chÃnh:

Qu¸ khø (Past)

HiÃ-n t¹i (Present)

T­¬ng lai (Future)

 Mçi thêi chÃnh l¹i chia thµnh nhiÃ'u thêi nhá ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t tÃnh chÃnh x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.

1) Present

1) Simple Present

 Khi chia ®éng tõ thêi nµy ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt, ph¶i cã "s" ë tËn cïng vµ ©m dã ph¶i ®­îc ®äc lªn

Ex: He walks.

Ex: She watches TV

 Nã dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng th­êng xuyªn x¶y ra ë hiÃ-n t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cÃ' thÃ" vÃ' thêi gian, hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÃnh qui luËt.

 Th­êng dïng víi mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh­ today, present day, nowadays.

 §Æc biÃ-t nã dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt nh­: always, sometimes, often, every + thêi gian...

2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)

 Dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÃ"m nhÊt ®Þnh cña hiÃ-n t¹i. Thêi ®iÃ"m nµy ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cÃ' thÃ" b»ng mét sè phã tõ nh­ : now, rightnow, at this moment.

 Dïng thay thÕ cho thêi t­¬ng lai gÇn, ®Æc biÃ-t lµ trong v¨n nãi.

 §Æc biÃ-t l­u ý nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau kh«ng ®­îc chia ë thÃ" tiÕp diÃ"n dï bÊt cø thêi nµo khi chóng lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ tÃœnh diÃ"n ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i c¶m gi¸c cña ho¹t ®éng tinh thÇn hoÆc tÃnh chÊt cña sù vËt , sù viÃ-c. Nh­ng khi chóng quay sang h­íng déng tõ hµnh ®éng thÃ- chóng l¹i ®­îc phÃp dïng ë thÃ" tiÕp diÃ"n.

know believe hear see smell wish

understand hate love like want sound

have need appear seem taste own

Ex: He has a lot of books.

He is having dinner now. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: ¨n tèi)

I think they will come in time

I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: §ang nghÃœ vÃ')

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII

 Dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tõ trong qu¸ khø kÃo dµi ®Õn hiÃ-n t¹i vµ chÊm døt ë hiÃ-n t¹i, thêi diÃ"m hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn kh«ng ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh trong c©u.

 ChØ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÃ'u lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÃo dµi ®Õn hiÃ-n t¹i

Ex: George has seen this movie three time.

 Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ SINCE/FOR+time

 Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, l­u ý r»ng already cã thÃ" ®øng ngay sau have vµ còng cã thÃ" ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

 Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh, yet th­êng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

 Dïng víi yet trong c©u nghi vÊn

Ex: Have you written your reports yet?

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ë phñ ®Þnh, yet cã thÃ" ®øng ngay sau have nh­ng ph¶i thay ®æi vÃ' mÆt ng÷ ph¸p: not mÊt ®i vµ PII trë vÃ' d¹ng nguyªn thÃ" cã to.

Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.

 Dïng víi now that... (giê ®©y khi mµ...)

Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...

 Dïng víi mét sè phã tõ nh­ till now, untill now, so far (cho ®Õn giê). Nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÃ" ®øng ®Çu c©u hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.

 Dïng víi recently, lately (gÇn ®©y) nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÃ" ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: I have not seen him recently.

 Dïng víi before ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: I have seen him before.

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing

 Dïng gièng hÃ-t nh­ Present Perfect nh­ng hµnh ®éng kh«ng chÊn døt ë hiÃ-n t¹i mµ vÉn tiÕp tÃ'c tiÕp diÃ"n, th­êng xuyªn dïng víi since, for + time

 Ph©n biÃ-t c¸ch dïng gi÷a hai thêi:

Present Perfect

 Hµnh ®éng ®• chÊm døt ë hiÃ-n t¹i do ®ã ®• cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÃ-t.

Ex: I've waited you for half an hour (and now I stop working because you didn't come). Present Perfect Progressive

 Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp diÃ"n ë hiÃ-n t¹i, cã kh¶ n¨ng lan tíi t­¬ng lai do ®ã kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÃ-t.

Ex: I've been waiting for you for half an hour (and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

2. Past

1) Simple Past: V-ed

 Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã c¶ d¹ng Simple Past vµ Past Perfect bÃ-nh th­êng còng nh­ ®Æc biÃ-t. Ng­êi Anh ­a dïng Simple past chia bÃ-nh th­êng vµ P2 ®Æc biÃ-t lµm adj hoÆc trong d¹ng bÞ ®éng

Ex: To light

lighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.

lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

 Nã diÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®• x¶y ra ®øt ®iÃ"m trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan gÃ- tíi hiÃ-n t¹i, thêi diÃ"m trong c©u ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÃ-t b»ng mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh­ yesterday, at that moment, last + time

2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing

 Nã dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÃ"m nhÊt ®Þnh cña qu¸ khø. Thêi diÃ"m ®ã ®­îc diÃ"n ®¹t cÃ' thÃ" = ngµy, giê.

 Nã dÃ'ng kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian lµ when vµ while, ®Ã" chØ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang tiÕp diÃ"n trong qu¸ khø thÃ- mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c chen ngang vµo (khi ®ang... thÃ- bçng...).

Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car

Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head

 MÃ-nh ®Ã' cã when & while cã thÃ" ®øng bÊt kÃ- n¬i nµo trong c©u nh­ng sau when ph¶i lµ simple past vµ sau while ph¶i lµ Past Progressive.

 Nã diÃ"n ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng ®ang cïng lóc x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.

Ex: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.

 MÃ-nh ®Ã' hµnh ®éng kh«ng cã while cã thÃ" ë simple past nh­ng Ãt khi vÃ- dÃ" bÞ nhÇm lÉn.

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII

 Dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tr­íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø, trong c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng

 Dïng kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian after vµ before.

L­u ý

• MÃ-nh ®Ã' cã after & before cã thÃ" ®øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u nh­ng sau after ph¶i lµ past perfect cßn sau before ph¶i lµ simple past.

• Before & After cã thÃ" ®­îc thay b»ng when mµ kh«ng sî bÞ nhÇm lÉn vÃ- trong c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng, 1 tr­íc, 1 sau.

Ex: The police came when the robber had gone away.

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing

 Dïng gièng hÃ-t nh­ Past Perfect duy cã ®iÃ'u ho¹t ®éng diÃ"n ra liªn tÃ'c cho ®Õn tËn Simple Past. Nã th­êng kÕt hîp víi Simple Past th«ng qua phã tõ Before. Trong c©u th­êng xuyªn cã since, for + time

L­u ý: Thêi nµy ngµy nay Ãt dïng, ng­êi ta thay thÕ nã b»ng Past Perfect vµ chØ dïng khi nµo cÇn ®iÃ"n ®¹t tÃnh chÃnh x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.

3. Future

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form

Ngµy nay ng÷ ph¸p hiÃ-n ®¹i, ®Æc biÃ-t lµ ng÷ ph¸p MÃœ chÊp nhËn viÃ-c dïng will cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i, cßn shall chØ dïng víi c¸c ng«i I, we trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nh­ sau:

 §­a ra ®Ã' nghÞ mét c¸ch lÞch sù

Ex: Shall I take you coat?

 Dïng ®Ã" mêi ng­êi kh¸c mét c¸ch lÞch sù:

Ex: Shall we go out for lunch?

 Dïng ®Ã" ng• gi¸ trong khi mÆc c¶, mua b¸n:

Ex: Shall we say : $ 50

 Th­êng ®­îc dïng víi 1 v¨n b¶n mang tÃnh ph¸p qui buéc c¸c bªn ph¶i thi hµnh ®iÃ'u kho¶n trong v¨n b¶n:

Ex: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule

 Trong tiÕng Anh bÃ-nh d©n , ng­êi ta thay shall = must ë d¹ng c©u nµy.

 Nã dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sà x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÃ"m nhÊt ®Þnh trong t­¬ng lai nh­ng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cÃ' thÃ". Th­êng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh­ tomorrow, next + time, in the future, in future = from now on.

2) Near Future

 DiÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sà x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai gÇn, th­êng dïng víi c¸c phã tõ d­íi d¹ng: In a moment (l¸t n÷a), At 2 o'clock this afternoon....

Ex: We are going to have a reception in a moment

 Nã chØ 1 viÃ-c ch¾c ch¾n sà ph¶i x¶y ra theo nh­ dù tÃnh cho dï thêi gian lµ t­¬ng lai xa.

Ex: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.

 Ngµy nay ng­êi ta th­êng dïng present progressive.

3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verbing

 DiÃ"n ®¹t mét ®iÃ'u sà x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai ë vµo mét thêi ®iÃ"m nhÊt ®Þnh

Ex: At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture.

Ex: Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.

 Dïng kÕt hîp víi present progressive kh¸c ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t hai hµnh ®éng ®ang song song x¶y ra. Mét ë hiÃ-n t¹i, cßn mét ë t­¬ng lai.

Ex: Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at the office.

 §­îc dïng ®Ã" ®Ã' cËp ®Õn c¸c sù kiÃ-n t­¬ng lai ®• ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc quyÕt ®Þnh (kh«ng mang ý nghÃœa tiÕp diÃ"n).

Ex: Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass â€" making at the same time next week.

 HoÆc nh÷ng sù kiÃ-n ®­îc mong ®îi lµ sà x¶y ra theo mét tiÕn trÃ-nh th­êng lÃ- (nh­ng kh«ng diÃ"n ®¹t ý ®Þnh cña c¸ nh©n ng­êi nãi).

Ex: You will be hearing from my solicitor.

Ex: I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.

 Dù ®o¸n cho t­¬ng lai:

Ex: Don’t phone now, they will be having dinner.

 DiÃ"n ®¹t lêi ®Ã' nghÞ nh• nhÆn muèn biÕt vÃ' kÕ ho¹ch cña ng­êi kh¸c

Ex: You will be staying in this evening.

(«ng cã dù ®Þnh ë l¹i ®©y tèi nay chø ¹)

4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII

 ChØ mét hµnh ®éng sà ph¶i ®­îc hoµn tÊt ë vµo mét thêi ®iÃ"m nhÊt ®Þnh trong t­¬ng lai. Nã th­êng ®­îc dïng víi phã tö chØ thêi gian d­íi d¹ng

By the end of....., By the time + sentence

Ex: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year.

Ex: By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today will have passed away.

Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh, th«ng th­êng thÃ- chñ ng÷ ®øng liÃ'n ngay víi ®éng tõ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ nh­ng kh«ng ph¶i lu«n lu«n nh­ vËy.

1. C¸c tr­êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ

 Xen vµo gi÷a lµ mét ng÷ giíi tõ (mét giíi tõ më ®Çu céng c¸c danh tõ theo sau). C¸c ng÷ giíi tõ nµy kh«ng hÃ' cã quyÕt ®Þnh gÃ- tíi viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ, ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo chñ ng÷ chÃnh.

 C¸c thµnh ng÷ ë b¶ng sau cïng víi c¸c danh tõ ®i theo sau nã t¹o nªn hiÃ-n t­êng ®ång chñ ng÷. Nã sà ®øng xen vµo gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ, t¸ch ra khái gi÷a 2 thµnh phÇn ®ã = 2 dÊu ph¶y vµ kh«ng cã ¶nh h­ëng gÃ- ®Õn viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ.

Ex: The actrees, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.

Together with along with accompanied by as well as

 NÕu 2 danh tõ lµm chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng and thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÃ'u (they)

 Nh­ng nÕu 2 ®ång Chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng or thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®øng sau or. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sè Ãt thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt vµ ng­îc l¹i.

Ex: The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview.

2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt

 §ã lµ c¸c danh tõ ë b¶ng sau (cßn gäi lµ c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ).

any + no + some +

singular noun singular noun singular noun

anybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someone

anything nothing something

every + singular noun each + singular noun

everybody

everyone either *

everything neither*

*Either and neither are singular if thay are not used with or and nor

either (1 trong 2) chØ dïng cho 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ng­êi (vËt) trë lªn ph¶i dïng any.

neither (kh«ng mét trong hai) chØ dïng cho 2 ng­êi, 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ng­êi trë lªn dïng not any.

Ex: Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground

Ex: Not any of his pens is able to be used.

3. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng None vµ No

 NÕu sau None of the lµ mét danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt. Nh­ng nÕu sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÃ'u.

Ex: None of the counterfeit money has been found.

Ex: None of the students have finished the exam yet.

 NÕu sau No lµ mét danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè Ãt hoÆc kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt nh­ng nÕu sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÃ'u

Ex: No example is relevant to this case.

4. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng)

 §iÃ'u cÇn l­u ý nhÊt khi sö dÃ'ng cÊu tróc nµy lµ ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®i sau or hoÆc nor. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sè Ãt thÃ- déng tõ ®ã chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt vµ ng­îc l¹i.

Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.

Ex: Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷

 Khi V-ing dïng lµm chñ ng÷ thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt

 Ng­êi ta sà dïng V-ing khi muèn diÃ"n ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng cÃ' thÃ" x¶y ra nhÊt thêi nh­ng khi muèn diÃ"n ®¹t b¶n chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÃ-c thÃ- ph¶i dïng danh tõ

Ex: Dieting is very popular today.

Ex: Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.

 §éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" còng cã thÃ" dïng lµm chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã sà chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt. Nh­ng ng­êi ta th­êng dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it ®Ã" më ®Çu c©u.

Ex: To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.

6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÃ"

 §ã lµ c¸c danh tõ ë b¶ng sau dïng ®Ã" chØ 1 nhãm ng­êi hoÆc 1 tæ chøc nh­ng trªn thùc tÕ chóng lµ nh÷ng danh tõ sè Ãt, do vËy c¸c d¹i tõ vµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng còng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt.

Congress family group committee class

Organization team army club crowd

Government jury majority* minority public

Ex: The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

 Tuy nhiªn nÕu ®éng tõ sau nh÷ng danh tõ nµy chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÃ'u thÃ- c©u ®ã ¸m chØ c¸c thµnh viªn trong nhãm ®ang ho¹t ®éng riªng rÃ:

Ex: Congress votes for the bill.

*(Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree, some disagree)).(TOEFL kh«ng b¾t lçi nµy).

 Danh tõ the majority ®­îc dïng tuú theo thµnh phÇn sau nã ®Ã" chia ®éng tõ

Ex: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

Ex: The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

 the police/sheep/fish + plural verb

Ex: The sheep are breaking away

Ex: The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank

 a couple + singular verb

Ex: A couple is walking on the path

 The couple + plural verb

Ex: The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.

 C¸c cÃ'm tõ ë b¶ng sau chØ mét nhãm ®éng vËt hoÆc gia sóc. cho dï sau giíi tõ of lµ danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u thÃ- ®éng tõ vÉn chia theo ng«i chñ ng÷ chÃnh â€" ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt.

flock of birds, sheep school of fish

herd of cattle pride of lions

pack of dogs

Ex: The flock of birds is circling overhead.

 TÊt c¶ c¸c danh tõ tËp thÃ" chØ thêi gian, tiÃ'n b¹c, sè ®o ®Ã'u ®­îc xem lµ 1 danh tõ sè Ãt. Do ®ã c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt.

Ex: 25 dollars is too much....

*Note: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50.

7. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng a number of, the number of:

 A number of = mét sè lín nh÷ng... nÕu ®i víi danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u thÃ- ®éng tõ chia ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÃ'u.

Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = many).

 Nh­ng the number of = mét sè... ®­îc coi lµ mét tæng thÃ" sè Ãt, do ®ã cho dï sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u thÃ- ®éng tõ vÉn ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt.

Ex: The number of days in a week is seven.

8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÃ'u

 B¶ng sau lµ nh÷ng danh tõ bao giê còng ë hÃ-nh th¸i sè nhiÃ'u vÃ- chóng bao g«m 2 thùc thÃ" nªn c¸c ®¹i tõ vµ ®éng tõ ®i cïng víi chóng còng ph¶i ë sè nhiÃ'u.

Scissors shorts Pants jeans tongs

Trousers eyeglasses Pliers tweezers

 NÕu muèn chóng thµnh ng«i sè Ãt ph¶i dïng a pair of...

Ex: The pants are in the drawer.

Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.

9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are

 Thµnh ng÷ nµy chØ sù tÃ¥n t¹i cña ng­êi hoÆc vËt t¹i mét n¬i nµo ®ã. Chñ ng÷ thËt cña thµnh ng÷ nµy lµ danh tõ ®i sau. NÕu nã lµ danh tõ sè Ãt thÃ- ®éng tõ to be chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt vµ ng­îc l¹i.

 Mäi biÕn ®æi vÃ' thêi vµ thÃ" ®Ã'u n»m ë to be cßn there gi÷ nguyªn.

Ex: There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Ex: There have been a number of telephone calls today.

 L­u ý c¸c cÊu tróc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be: Ch¾c ch¾n lµ sà cã

Ex: There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter

(Ch¾c ch¾n lµ sà cã r¾c rèi khi c« Êy nhËn ®­îc th­ anh ta)

Ex: Do you think there is likely to be snow

(Anh cho r»ng ch¾c ch¾n sà cã tuyÕt chø)

 Trong d¹ng tiÕng Anh quy chuÈn hoÆc v¨n ch­¬ng mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c ngoµi to be còng ®­îc sö dÃ'ng víi there.

• §éng tõ tr¹ng th¸i: Stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live

• §éng tõ chØ sù ®Õn: enter/ go/ come/ follow

Ex: In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker

(T¹i mét thÞ trÊn xÃp ë §øc ®• tõng cã mét «ng thî giµy nghÃŒo sèng ë ®ã)

Ex: There remains nothing more to be done

(Ch¶ cßn cã gÃ- ë ®ã n÷a mµ lµm)

Ex: Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black

(Bçng cã mét hÃ-nh bãng kÃ- l¹ ®i vµo mÆc toµn ®å ®en)

Ex: There followed an uncomfortable silence

(Mét sù im lÆng ®Õn bÊt tiÃ-n tiÕp theo sau ®ã)

 There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: kÃ-a/ thÕ lµ/ rÃ¥i thÃ-

Ex: There he comes

(Anh ta ®• ®Õn rÃ¥i kia kÃ-a)

Ex: There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour

(Anh ®©y råi, t«i ®ang chê anh ®Õn h¬n mét tiÕng råi ®Êy)

 There + be + name of people : ThÃ- cã .. .. ®Êy th«i .. Nh»m ®Ã" gîi ta sù chó ý ®Õn

There + be + always + noun: ThÃ- lóc nµo ch¶ cã .. mét gi¶i ph¸p kh¶ dÃœ cho 1 vÊn ®Ã'

Ex: Whom could we ask ? Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue...

Ex: Where can he sleep/_ Well, there is always the attic

 There was this + noun: ChÃnh lµ c¸i ... nµy ®Êy (®Ã" më ®Çu cho mét c©u chuyÃ-n)

Ex: There was this man, see, and he could not get up in the morning. So he ...

(Nµy, chÃnh lµ c¸i anh chµng nµy ®Êy, anh ta kh«ng dËy ®­îc buæi s¸ng. ThÕ lµ anh ta...

 There (lµm tÃnh tõ) chÃnh c¸i/ con/ ng­êi Êy

Ex: Give that book there, please

Lµm ¬n ®­a cho t«i chÃnh cuèn s¸ch Êy

That there dog: ChÃnh con chã Êy ®Êy

That there girl, she broke two records of speed (ChÃnh c« g¸i Êy ®Êy, c« ta ®• ph¸ hai kØ lÃ'c vÃ' tèc ®é)

§¹i tõ

Chia lµm 5 lo¹i víi c¸c chøc n¨ng sö dÃ'ng kh¸c nhau.

1. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng (Chñ ng÷)

 §øng ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷, quyÕt ®Þnh viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ

 §øng sau ®éng tõ to be

Ex: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.

Ex: It was she who called you.

 §øng ®»ng sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh nh­ than, as (Lçi c¬ b¶n)

 §»ng sau c¸c ng«i sè nhiÃ'u nh­ we, you cã quyÃ'n dïng mét danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u trùc tiÕp ®»ng sau.

Ex: We students are going to have a party (Sinh viªn chóng t«i .....)

You guys (Bän mµy)

 We/ You/ They + all/ both

Ex: We all go to school now

They both bought the ensurance

You all come shopping.

 Nh­ng nÕu all hoÆc both ®i víi c¸c ®¹i tõ nµy ë d¹ng c©u cã ®éng tõ kÃp thÃ- all hoÆc both sà ®øng sau trî ®éng tõ (Future, progressive, perfect)

Ex: We will all go to school next week.

They have both bought the insurance.

 All vµ Both cïng ph¶i ®øng sau ®éng tõ to be trªn tÃnh tõ

Ex: We are all ready to go swimming.

 Dïng he/she thay thÕ cho c¸c vËt nu«i nÕu chóng ®­îc xem lµ cã tÃnh c¸ch, th«ng minh hoÆc tÃ-nh c¶m (chã, mÃŒo, ngùa...)

Ex: Go and find a cat if where she stays in.

Ex: How’s your new car? Terrrific, she is running beutifully.

 Tªn n­íc ®­îc thay thÕ trang träng b»ng she (ngµy nay it dïng).

Ex: England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach.

2. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷

 §øng ®»ng sau c¸c ®¹i tõ vµ c¸c giíi tõ lµm t©n ng÷ : us/ you/ them + all/ both

Ex: They invited us all (all of us) to the party last night.

 §»ng sau us cã thÃ" dïng mét danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u trùc tiÕp

Ex: The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.

3. TÃnh tõ së h÷u

 §øng tr­íc mét danh tõ vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ng­êi hoÆc vËt ®èi víi danh tõ ®ã.

4. §¹i tõ së h÷u

 Ng­êi ta dïng ®¹i tõ së h÷u ®Ã" tr¸nh khái ph¶i nh¾c l¹i tÃnh tõ së h÷u + danh tõ ®• nãi ë trªn.

 §øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ.

 §øng sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh nh­ than hoÆc as

Ex: Your teacher is the same as his teacher. Yours is the same as his.

 §øng sau ®éng tõ to be

 §øng ®»ng sau mét ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng lµm t©n ng÷.

Ex: I forgot my homework. I forgot mine

5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n

 Dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t chñ ng÷ lµm mét viÃ-c gÃ- cho chÃnh mÃ-nh. Trong tr­êng hîp nµy nã ®øng ngay ®»ng sau ®éng tõ hoÆc giíi tõ for ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: I washed myself

He sent the letter to himself.

 Dïng ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh vµo viÃ-c chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy viÃ-c gÃ-, trong tr­êng hîp nµy nã ®øng ngay sau chñ ng÷. Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nã cã thÃ" ®øng ë cuèi c©u, khi nãi h¬i ng­ng l¹i mét chót.

Ex: I myself believe that the proposal is good.

She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

 By + oneself = mét mÃ-nh.

Ex: John washed the dishes by himself (alone)

T©n ng÷

§éng tõ dïng lµm t©n ng÷

Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø ®éng tõ nµo trong tiÕng Anh còng ®Ã'u ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ ®øng sau nã lµ mét danh tõ. Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ l¹i ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ sau nã ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ kh¸c. Chóng chia lµm hai lo¹i.

1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" lµ t©n ng÷

 B¶ng d­íi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" kh¸c.

agree attempt claim decide demand

desire expect fail forget hesitate

hope intend learn need offer

plan prepare pretend refuse seem

strive tend want wish

Ex: John expects to begin studying law next semester.

2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷

B¶ng d­íi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ theo sau nã ph¶i lµ mét Verb - ing

admit appreciate avoid can't help consider

delay deny enjoy finish mind

miss postpone practice quit recall

repeat resent resist resume risk

suggest

Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels.

 L­u ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mÉu ®éng tõ can't help doing/ but do smt: kh«ng thÃ" ®õng ®­îc ph¶i lµm gÃ-

Ex: With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.

 NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÃ" phñ ®Þnh cho c¸c ®éng tõ trªn ®©y dïng lµm t©n ng÷ ph¶i ®Æt not tr­íc nguyªn thÃ" hoÆc verb - ing.

 B¶ng d­íi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ t©n ng÷ sau nã cã thÃ" lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" hoÆc mét verb - ing mµ ng÷ nghÃœa kh«ng thay ®æi.

begin can't stand continue dread

hate like love prefer

start try

 L­u ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mét ®éng tõ can't stand to do/doing smt: kh«ng thÃ" chÞu ®ùng ®­îc khi ph¶i lµm gÃ-.

Ex: He can't stand to wait/ waiting such a long time.

3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÃ-t

 §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÃœa cña chóng sà ®æi kh¸c hoµn toµn khi t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" hoÆc verb - ing.

1) Stop to do smt: dõng l¹i ®Ã" lµm gÃ-

2) Stop doing smt: dõng lµm viÃ-c gÃ-

3) Remember to do smt: Nhí sà ph¶i lµm gÃ-

Ex: I remember to send a letter at the post office tomorow morning.

4) Remember doing smt: Nhí lµ ®• lµm gÃ-

Ex: I remember locking the door before leaving, but now I can't find the key.

 §Æc biÃ-t nã th­êng ®­îc dïng víi mÉu c©u: S + still remember + V-ing : VÉn cßn nhí lµ ®•...

Ex: I still remember buying the first motorbike

5) Forget to do smt: quªn sà ph¶i lµm gÃ-

Ex: I forgot to pickup my child after school

6) Forget doing smt: (ChØ ®­îc dïng trong c¸c mÉu c©u phñ ®Þnh.

 §Æc biÃ-t nã th­êng ®­îc dïng víi mÉu c©u S + will never forget + V-ing: sà kh«ng bao giê quªn ®­îc lµ ®• ...

Ex: She will never forget meeting the Queen.

7) Regret to do smt: LÊy lµm tiÕc vÃ- ph¶i (th­êng b¸o tin xÊu)

Ex: We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of the bad weather.

8) Regret doing smt: LÊy lµm tiÕc vÃ- ®•

Ex: He regrets leaving school early. It's a big mistake.

4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ

 TÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ ®Ã'u ph¶i ë d¹ng V-ing

 Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ th­êng ®i kÃŒm víi giíi tõ to. Kh«ng ®­îc nhÇm lÉn giíi tõ nµy víi to cña ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ".

Verb + prepositions + V-ing

approve of be better of count on depend on

give up insist on keep on put off

rely on succeed in think abount think of

worry abount object to look forward to confess to

Ex: Fred confessed to stealing the jewels

Adjective + prepositions + V-ing

accustomed to afraid of capable of fond of

intent on interested in successful in tired of

Ex: Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

Noun + prepositions + V-ing

choice of excuse for intention of method for

possibility of reason for (method of)

Ex: There is no reason for leaving this early.

 Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø tÃnh tõ nµo còng ®Ã'u ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét giíi tõ + V-ing. Nh÷ng tÃnh tõ ë b¶ng sau l¹i ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ".

anxious boring dangerous hard

eager easy good strange

pleased prepared ready able

usual common difficult

Ex: It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

 able/ unable to do smt = capable/ incapable of doing smt.

5. VÊn ®Ã' c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr­íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷.

 §øng tr­íc mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" lµm t©n ng÷ thÃ- d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ vµ danh tõ sà lµ t©n ng÷.

allow ask beg convince expect instruct

invite order permit persuade prepare promise

remind urge want

Ex: Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up.

Ex: We ordered him to appear in court.

 Tuy nhiªn ®øng tr­íc mét V- ing lµm t©n ng÷ thÃ- d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ vµ danh tõ sà lµ së h÷u.

Ex: We understand your not being able to stay longer.

Ex: We object to their calling at this hour.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt

1. Need

1) Dïng nh­ mét ®éng tõ th­êng: ®­îc sö dÃ'ng ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã

a) Khi chñ ng÷ lµ mét ®éng vËt + need + to + verb

Ex: My friend needs to learn Spanish.

b) Khi chñ ng÷ lµ mét bÊt ®éng vËt + need + to be + P2/ V-ing

Ex: The grass needs cutting OR The grass needs to be cut

Ex: Jill is in need of money (Jill needs money).

 Want vµ Require còng ®­îc dïng theo mÉu c©u nµy

Ex: Your hair wants cutting

Ex: All ears require servicing regularly

2) Need ®­îc sö dÃ'ng nh­ mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

 Lu«n ë d¹ng hiÃ-n t¹i.

 Ng«i thø ba sè Ãt kh«ng cã "s" tËn cïng

 ChØ dïng ë thÃ" nghi vÊn vµ phñ ®Þnh

 Kh«ng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do.

 Sau need ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ bá "to"

Ex: We needn't reserve seats - there will be plenty of rooms.

Ex: Need I fill out the form ?

 Dïng sau c¸c tõ nh­ if/ whether/ only/ scarcely/ hardly/ no one

Ex: I wonder if I need fill out the form

This is the only form you need fill out.

 Needn't + have + P2 : Là ra kh«ng cÇn ph¶i

Ex: You needn't have came so early - only waste your time.

L­u ý: Needn't = kh«ng cÇn ph¶i trong khi mustn't = kh«ng ®­îc phÃp.

2. Dare

1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m"

 Kh«ng dïng ë thÃ" kh¼ng ®Þnh, chØ dïng ë thÃ" nghi vÊn vµ phñ ®Þnh. Nã cã thÃ" dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do hoÆc víi chÃnh b¶n th©n nã. §éng tõ sau nã vÃ' mÆt lý thuyÕt lµ cã to nh­ng trªn thùc tÕ th­êng bá.

Ex: Did they dare (to) do such a thing = Dared they do such a thing

Ex: He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything.

 Dare kh«ng ®­îc dïng ë thÃ" kh¼ng ®Þnh ngo¹i trõ thµnh ng÷ I dare say/ I daresay víi 2 nghÃœa sau:

ï¶ T«i cho r»ng: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train

ï¶ T«i thõa nhËn lµ: I daresay you are right.

 How dare/ dared + S + Verb in simple form: Sao ... d¸m (tá sù giËn gi÷)

Ex: How dared you open my letter: Sao mµy d¸m më th­ cña tao.

2) Dare dïng nh­ mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ

 Mang nghÃœa “th¸ch thøcâ€:

Dare sb to do smt: Th¸ch ai lµm gÃ-

Ex: They dare the boy to swim across the river in such a cold weather.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to be trong mét sè tr­êng hîp

 To be of + noun = to have: cã (dïng ®Ã" chØ tÃnh chÊt hoÆc tÃ-nh c¶m)

Ex: Mary is of a gentle nature: Mary cã mét b¶n chÊt tö tÕ.

 To be of + noun: NhÊn m¹nh cho danh tõ ®øng ®»ng sau

Ex: The newly-opened restaurant is of (ë ngay) the Leceister Square

 To be + to + verb: lµ d¹ng cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÃ-t ®­îc sö dÃ'ng trong nh÷ng tr­êng hîp sau:

ï¶ Â§Ã" truyÃ'n ®¹t c¸c mÃ-nh lÃ-nh hoÆc c¸c chØ dÉn tõ ng«i thø nhÊt qua ng«i thø hai ®Õn ng«i thø ba.

Ex: No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

ï¶ Dïng víi mÃ-nh ®Ã' if khi mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh diÃ"n ®¹t mét c©u tiÃ'n ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n: Mét ®iÃ'u ph¶i x¶y ra tr­íc nhÊt nÕu mét ®iÃ'u kh¸c sà x¶y ra.

Ex1: If we are to get there by lunch time we had better hurry.

Ex2: Smt must be done quickly if the endangered birds are to be save.

Ex3: He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam

ï¶ Â§Â­Ã®c dïng ®Ã" th«ng b¸o nh÷ng yªu cÇu xin chØ dÉn

Ex: He asked the air traffic control where he was to land.

ï¶ Â§Â­Ã®c dïng rÊt phæ biÕn ®Ã" truyÃ'n ®¹t mét dù ®Þnh, mét sù s¾p ®Æt, ®Æc biÃ-t khi nã lµ chÃnh thøc.

Ex1: She is to get married next month.

Ex2: The expedition is to start in a week.

Ex3: We are to get a ten percent wage rise in June.

ï¶ CÊu tróc nµy rÊt th«ng dÃ'ng trªn b¸o chÃ, khi lµ tùa ®Ã' b¸o thÃ- to be ®­îc bá ®i ®Ã" tiÕt kiÃ-m chç.

Ex: The Primer Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow.

 were + S + to + verb = if + S + were + to + verb = thÕ nÕu (diÃ"n ®¹t mét gi¶ thuyÕt)

Ex: Were I to tell you that he passed his exams, would you believe me.

 was/ were + to + verb: §Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t ý t­ëng vÃ' mét sè mÃ-nh ®• ®Þnh s½n

Ex1: They said goodbye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

Ex2: Since 1840, American Presidents elected in years ending zero were to be died (have been destined to die)in office.

 to be about to + verb = near future (s¾p söa)

Ex: They are about to leave.

 Trong mét sè d¹ng c©u ®Æc biÃ-t

• Be + adj ... më ®Çu cho mét ng÷ = tá ra...

Ex: Be careless (Tá ra bÊt cÈn...) in a national park where there are bears around and the result are likely to be tragical indeed

• Be + subject + noun/ noun phrase/ adjective = cho dï lµ

Ex: Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it (cho dï lµ...) the Renaissance system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or the Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son.

Ex: To have technique is to possess the physical expertise to perform whatever steps a given work may contain, be they simple or complex:

(Cã ®­îc kü thuËt lµ sà cã ®­îc sù ®iªu luyÃ-n vÃ' mÆt c¬ thÃ" ®Ã" thùc hiÃ-n bÊt kú nh÷ng b­íc vò nµo mµ mét ®iÃ-u vò ®• ®Þnh s½n cã thÃ" bao gÃ¥m, cho dï lµ chóng ®¬n gi¶n hay phøc t¹p)

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to get trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t

1. To get + P2

 get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced.

ChØ viÃ-c chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy hoÆc tr¹ng th¸i mµ chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã.

Ex: You will have 5 minutes to get dressed (... tù mÆc quÇn ¸o)

Ex: He got lost in old Market Street yesterday. (tr¹ng th¸i l¹c)

 TuyÃ-t nhiªn kh«ng ®­îc lÉn tr­êng hîp nµy víi ®éng tõ bÞ ®éng.

 §éng tõ to be cã thÃ" dïng thay thÕ cho get trong lo¹i c©u nµy.

2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm gÃ-

Ex: We'd better got moving, it's late.

3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i gÃ- b¾t ®Çu.

Ex: Please get him talking about the main task. (Lµm ¬n b¶o anh ta b¾t ®Çu nãi vÃ' nhiÃ-m vÃ' chÃnh ®i)

Ex: When we get the heater running, the whole car will start to warm up. (Khi chóng ta cho m¸y s­ëi b¾t ®Çu ch¹y)

4. Get + to + verb

 TÃ-m ®­îc c¸ch.

Ex: We could get to enter the stadiums without tickets.(Chóng t«i ®• tÃ-m ®­îc c¸ch lät vµo...)

 Cã c¬ may.

Ex: When do I get to have a promotion.(Khi nµo t«i cã c¬ may ®­îc t¨ng l­¬ng ®©y)

 §­îc phÃp

Ex: At last we got to meet the general director. (Cuèi cïng thÃ- rÃ¥i chóng t«i còng ®­îc phÃp gÆp)

5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ã' hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ã' nhËn thøc) = Gradually = dÇn dÇn

Ex: We will get to speak English more easily as time goes by.

Ex: He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult

C©u hái

TiÕng Anh cã nhiÃ'u lo¹i c©u hái bao gÃ¥m nh÷ng chøc n¨ng vµ mÃ'c ®Ãch kh¸c nhau

1. C©u hái Yes/ No

 Së dÃœ gäi lµ nh­ vËy vÃ- khi tr¶ lêi ®­îc dïng Yes/ No ë ®Çu c©u. Nªn nhí r»ng :

Yes + Positive verb

No + Negative verb.

tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc tr¶ lêi theo kiÃ"u c©u tiÕng ViÃ-t.

2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o

 Lµ lo¹i c©u dïng víi mét lo¹t c¸c ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn

a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷

 §øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ. §éng tõ sau nã nÕu ë thêi hiÃ-n t¹i ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt.

Ex: What happened last night ?

b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷

 Chóng vÉn ®øng ®Çu c©u nh­ng lµm t©n ng÷ cho c©u hái. Nªn nhí r»ng trong tiÕng Anh qui chuÈn b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng whom mÆc dï trong v¨n nãi cã thÃ" dïng who thay cho whom (Lçi c¬ b¶n).

Ex: What did George buy at the store.

c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why

Ex: How did Maria get to school today ?

3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp

Lµ lo¹i c©u mang nh÷ng ®Æc tÃnh nh­ sau:

 C©u cã hai thµnh phÇn nèi víi nhau b»ng mét ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn.

 §éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' hai ph¶i ®Æt xu«i theo chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®­îc cÊu t¹o c©u hái.

 §¹i tõ nghi vÊn kh«ng chØ lµ 1 tõ mµ cßn bao gåm 2 hoÆc 3 tõ.

Ex: The authorities can't figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.

Ex: Do you know where he went ?.

 Question word cã thÃ" lµ mét phrase: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, what kind.

Ex: I have no idea how long the interview will take.

4. C©u hái cã ®u«i

 C©u chia lµm hai thµnh phÇn t¸ch biÃ-t nhau bëi dÊu phÈy.

 NÕu ®éng tõ ë thµnh phÇn chÃnh chia ë thÃ" kh¼ng ®Þnh thÃ- ®éng tõ ë phÇn ®u«i chia ë thÃ" phñ ®Þnh vµ ng­îc l¹i.

 Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë ®u«i ph¶i theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh.

 §éng tõ th­êng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do. C¸c ®éng tõ ë thêi kÃp dïng víi chÃnh trî ®éng tõ cña nã. §éng tõ to be ®­îc phÃp dïng trùc tiÕp.

 C¸c thµnh ng÷ there is, there are vµ it is ®­îc dïng l¹i ë phÇn ®u«i.

 Trong tiÕng Anh cña ng­êi Mü, to have lµ ®éng tõ th­êng, do vËy nã ph¶i dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do.

Ex1: You have two children, don't you ?

Ex2: He should stay in bed, shouldn't he ?

Ex3: She has been studying English for two years, hasn't she ?

*L­u ý: khi sö dÃ'ng lo¹i c©u hái nµy nªn nhí r»ng ng­êi hái chØ nh»m ®Ã" kh¼ng ®Þnh ý kiÕn cña mÃ-nh ®• biÕt chø kh«ng nh»m ®Ã" hái. Do ®ã khi chÊm c©u hiÃ"u trong TOEFL, ph¶i dùa vµo thÃ" ®éng tõ cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh chø kh«ng dùa vµo thÃ" ®éng tõ ë phÇn ®u«i.

Ex: John can get Mary to play this, can’t he?

Correct answer: John believes that Mary will play this for us.

Lèi nãi phÃ' häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh

1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh

 Lµ lèi nãi phÃ' häa l¹i ý kh¼ng ®Þnh cña ng­êi kh¸c t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÃ-t còng thÕ.

 CÊu tróc ®­îc dïng sà lµ so, too.

 §éng tõ to be ®­îc phÃp dïng trùc tiÕp, ®éng tõ th­êng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do. C¸c ®éng tõ ë thêi kÃp (Future, perfect, progressive) dïng víi chÃnh trî ®éng tõ cña nã.

Ex: I am happy, and you are too

I am happy, and so are you.

Ex: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

Ex: Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

2. Phñ ®Þnh

 §Ã" phÃ' häa l¹i ý phñ ®Þnh cña ng­êi kh¸c, t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÃ-t còng kh«ng.

 Thµnh ng÷ ®­îc sö dÃ'ng sà lµ either vµ neither. Nªn nhí r»ng:

Either + negative verb

Neither + positive verb

 Sö dÃ'ng gièng lèi nãi phÃ' häa kh¼ng ®Þnh víi 3 lo¹i: to be, ®éng tõ th­êng vµ c¸c ®éng tõ ë thêi kÃp.

Ex: I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either

I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

L­u ý: C¸c lèi nãi me too vµ me neither chØ ®­îc dïng trong v¨n nãi, tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt.

C©u phñ ®Þnh

§Ã" cÊu t¹o c©u phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau:

 §éng tõ to be - Trî ®éng tõ to do cña ®éng tõ th­êng - c¸c trî ®éng tõ ë thêi kÃp.

 §Æt any ®»ng tr­íc danh tõ ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh trong phñ ®Þnh. Nªn nhí r»ng trong tiÕng Anh cña ng­êi Mü thÃ- not any + noun = not .... a single noun.

Ex: He didn't sell a single magazine yesterday.

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh vµo phñ ®Þnh cña danh tõ. Ng­êi ta ®Ã" ®éng tõ ë d¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ ®Æt no tr­íc danh tõ. Lóc ®ã no = not ... at all.

 Mét sè c¸c c©u hái ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh sà mang hai nghÜa:

• NhÊn m¹nh cho sù kh¼ng ®Þnh cña ng­êi nãi.

Ex: Shouldn't you put on your hat, too! : ThÕ thÃ- anh còng ®éi lu«n mò vµo ®i.

Ex: Didn't you say that you would come to the party tonight: ThÕ anh ®• ch¼ng nãi lµ anh ®i dù tiÃ-c tèi nay hay sao.

• Dïng ®Ã" t¸n d­¬ng

Ex: Wasn't the weather wonderful yesterday: Thêi tiÕt h«m qua ®Ã'p tuyÃ-t vêi.

Ex: Wouldn't it be nice that we didn't have to work on Friday: ThËt lµ tuyÃ-t vêi khi chóng ta kh«ng ph¶i lµm viÃ-c ngµy thø 6.

 Negative + Negative = Positive.(emphasizing - NhÊn m¹nh)

Ex: It's unbelieveable he is not rich.

 Negative + comparative (more/ less) = superlative

Ex: I couldn't agree with you less = absolutely disagree.

Ex: You couldn't have gone to the beach on a better day = the best day to go to the beach.

Nh­ng ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn vÃ- :

Ex: He couldn't have been more unfriendly (the most unfriendly) when I met him first.

Ex: The surgery couldn't have been more unnecessary (absolutely unnecessary).

 Negative... even/still less/much less + noun/ verb in simple form: kh«ng ... mµ l¹i cµng kh«ng.

Ex: These students don't like reading novel, much less textbook.

Ex: It's unbelieveable how he could have survived such a freefall, much less live to tell about it on television

 Mét sè c¸c phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh mang nghÃœa phñ ®Þnh, khi ®• dïng nã trong c©u kh«ng ®­îc cÊu t¹o thÃ" phñ ®Þnh cña ®éng tõ n÷a.

ï¶ hardly, barely, scarcely = almost no = hÇu nh­ kh«ng.

ï¶ hardlyever, seldom, rarely = almost never = hÇu nh­ kh«ng bao giê.

*L­u ý r»ng c¸c phã tõ nµy kh«ng mang nghÃœa phñ ®Þnh hoµn toµn mµ mang nghÃœa gÇn nh­ phñ ®Þnh. §Æc biÃ-t lµ nh÷ng tõ nh­ barely vµ scarcely khi ®i víi nh÷ng tõ nh­ enough vµ only hoÆc nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ chØ sù chÃnh x¸c.

Ex: She barely make it to class on time: C« ta ®Õn líp võa vÆn ®óng giê.

Ex: Do you have enough money for the tution fee? Only barely (Scarcely enough):Võa ®ñ.

 §èi víi nh÷ng ®éng tõ nh­ to think, to believe, to suppose, to imagine + that + sentense. Ph¶i cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ë c¸c ®éng tõ ®ã, kh«ng ®­îc cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' thø hai.

Ex: I don't think you came to class yesterday.

Ex: I don't believe she stays at home now.

 Trong d¹ng informal standard English (tiÕng Anh qui chuÈn dïng th­êng ngµy) mét cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh ng­ng kh«ng mang nghÃœa phñ ®Þnh ®«i khi ®­îc sö dÃ'ng sau nh÷ng ý chØ sù nghi ngê hoÆc kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n, ®Æc biÃ-t lµ phñ ®Þnh kÃp.

Ex: I shouldn’t be suprised if they didn’t get married soon (if they got married soon).

T«i sà kh«ng lÊy lµm ng¹c nhiªn nÕu hä lÊy nhau sím.

Ex: I wonder whether I oughtn’t to go and see a doctor. I’m feeling a bit funny.

T«i tù hái xem lµ liÃ-u t«i cã nªn ®i kh¸m b¸c sü kh«ng. T«i...

 No matter + who/what/which/where/when/how + Subject + verb in present: Dï cã... ®i ch¨ng n÷a... thÃ-

Ex: No matter who telephones, say I’m out.

Cho dï lµ ai gäi ®Õn thÃ- h•y b¶o lµ t«i ®i v¾ng.

Ex: No matter where you go, you will find Coca-Cola

Cho dï anh cã ®i ®Õn ®©u, anh còng sà tÃ-m thÊy n­íc Coca-Cola

*L­u ý 1: No matter who = whoever/ No matter what = whatever

Ex: No matter what (whatever) you say, I won’t believe you.

Cho dï lµ mµy cã nãi gÃ- ®i ch¨ng n÷a, tao còng kh«ng tin.

*L­u ý 2: C¸c cÊu tróc nµy cã thÃ" ®øng cuèi c©u mµ kh«ng cÇn cã mÃ-nh ®Ã' theo sau:

Ex: I will always love you, no matter what.

MÃ-nh lÃ-nh thøc

Chia lµm 2 lo¹i: Trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp.

 MÃ-nh lÃ-nh thøc trùc tiÕp

Ex: Close the door

Ex: Please don't turn off the light.

 MÃ-nh lÃ-nh thøc gi¸n tiÕp dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ to order/ ask/ say/ tell sb/ do/ not to do smt.

Ex: John asked Jill to turn off the light.

Ex: Please tell Jaime not to leave the room.

Chó ý: let's kh¸c let us

Ex: let's go: mÃ-nh ®i nµo

Ex: let us go: ®Ã" chóng t«i ®i ®i

C©u hái cã ®u«i cña let's lµ shall we

Ex: Let's go out for dinner, shall we

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau vµ mang nh÷ng ®Æc ®iÃ"m

present tense past tense

Will

Can

May

Shall

must (have to) would (used to)

could

might

should (ought to) (had better)

(had to)

 Kh«ng cã tiÃ"u tõ "to" ®»ng tr­íc.

 §éng tõ nµo ®i sau nã ph¶i bá "to".

 Kh«ng cÇn dïng víi trî ®éng tõ mµ dïng víi chÃnh b¶n th©n nã trong c¸c d¹ng c©u nghi vÊn vµ c©u phñ ®Þnh.

 Kh«ng bao giê hai ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®i cïng nhau, nÕu cã thÃ- ®éng tõ thø hai ph¶i biÕn sang mét d¹ng kh¸c.

will have to (must), will be able to (can), will be allowed to (may)

C©u ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n

1. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n cã thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i

If + S + simple present - S + will (can, shall, may) + Verb in simple form.

Ex: If he tries much more, he will improve his English.

2. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i

If + S + simple past - S + would (could, should, might) + Verb in simple form

Ex: If I had enough money now, I would buy this house .

§éng tõ to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.

Ex: If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp, ng­êi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o were lªn trªn chñ ng÷ (were I you ... lçi c¬ b¶n).

3. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë qu¸ khø

If + S + had + P2 - S + would(could, shoult,might) + have + P2

Ex: If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o had lªn phÃa tr­íc.

L­u ý: C©u ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo qui luËt trªn. Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp mét vÕ cña ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n sà lµ qu¸ khø nh­ng vÕ cßn l¹i ë hiÃ-n t¹i do thêi gian qui ®Þnh.

Ex: If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if

Th«ng th­êng c¸c ®éng tõ nµy kh«ng ®­îc sö dÃ'ng víi if trong c©u ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n, tuy nhiªn vÉn cã ngo¹i lÃ-.

 If you will/would : NÕu ..... vui lßng. Th­êng ®­îc dïng trong c¸c yªu cÇu lÞch sù. Would lÞch sù h¬n will.

Ex: If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.

 If + Subject + Will/Would : NÕu ..... chÞu. §Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t ý tù nguyÃ-n.

Ex: If he will listent to me, I can help him.

Will cßn ®­îc dïng theo mÉu c©u nµy ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t sù ngoan cè: NÕu ..... nhÊt ®Þnh, NÕu ..... cø.

Ex: If you will turn on the music loudly late the night, no wonder why your neighbour complain.

 If you could: Xin vui lßng. DiÃ"n ®¹t lÞch sù 1 yªu cÇu mµ ng­êi nãi cho r»ng ng­êi kia sà ®ång ý nh­ lµ mét là ®­¬ng nhiªn.

Ex: If you could open your book, please.

 If + Subject + should + ..... + imperative (mÃ-nh lÃ-nh thøc): Và pháng nh­. DiÃ"n ®¹t mét tÃ-nh huèng dï cã thÃ" x¶y ra ®­îc song rÊt khã.

Ex: If you should find any dificulty in using that TV, please call me this number.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o should lªn trªn chñ ng÷ (Should you find)

Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if

1. If... then: NÕu... thÃ-

Ex: If she can’t come to us, then we will have to go and see her.

2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÃ-nh ®Ã' diÃ"n biÕn bÃ-nh th­êng theo thêi gian cña chÃnh nã.

Ex: If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice.

Ex: If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand.

Ex: If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello.

3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÃ"n ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem thªm phÇn sö dÃ'ng should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cÃ' thÃ")

Ex: If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. (Ngé nhì mµ anh cã tÃ-nh cê ghà qua chî cã là mua cho em Ãt trøng)

4. If.. was/were to...

 DiÃ"n ®¹t ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng cã thËt hoÆc t­ëng t­îng ë t­¬ng lai.

Ex: If the boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real trouble.

Ex: What would we do if I was/were to lose my job.

 HoÆc cã thÃ" diÃ"n ®¹t mét ý lÞch sù khi ®­a ra ®Ã' nghÞ

Ex: If you were to to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.

(NÕu anh vui lßng dÞch ghÕ cña anh ra mét chót thÃ- chóng ta cã thÃ" cïng ngÃ¥i ®­îc)

ï¶ Note: CÊu tróc nµy tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng víi c¸c ®éng tõ tÃœnh hoÆc chØ tr¹ng th¸i t­ duy

Ex: Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you.

Incorrect: If I was/were to know...

5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng vÃ-, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo.

 Thêi hiÃ-n t¹i:

Ex: Ex: If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, that couple wouldn’t have any thing to talk about.

(NÕu kh«ng vÃ- nh÷ng ®øa con thÃ- vî chÃ¥ng nhµ Êy ch¶ cã chuyÃ-n gÃ- mµ nãi)

 Thêi qu¸ khø:

Ex: Ex: If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what we would have done.

(NÕu kh«ng nhê vµo sù gióp ®ì cña anh thÃ- t«i còng kh«ng biÕt lµ chóng t«i sà lµm gÃ- ®©y)

6. Not ®«i khi ®­îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ã" bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n.

Ex: Ex: I wonder if we shouldn’t ask the doctor to look at Mary.

7. It would... if + subject + would... (sà lµ... nÕu â€" kh«ng ®­îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt)

Ex: Ex: It would be better if they would tell every body in advance.

(Sà lµ tèt h¬n nÕu hä kÃ" cho mäi ng­êi tõ tr­íc)

Ex: Ex: How would we feel if this would happen to our family.

(Ta sà c¶m thÊy thÕ nµo nÕu ®iÃ'u nµy x¶y ra ®èi víi gia ®Ã-nh chóng ta.)

8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÃ"n ®¹t ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø

Ex: Ex: If I’d have known, I’d have told you.

Ex: Ex: If she’d have recognized him it would have been funny.

9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l­îc bá)

Ex: Ex: If in doubt, ask for help (=If you are in doubt)

Ex: Ex: If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good nights sleep

(= If you are about to go on... )

10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh­ any/anything/ever/not diÃ"n ®¹t phñ ®Þnh

Ex: There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers.

(=There is little evidence if ther is any at all, for flying saucers)

(Cã rÊt Ãt b»ng chøng vÃ' ®Üa bay, nÕu qu¶ lµ cã mét chót)

Ex: I’m not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised.

(T«i kh«ng giËn d÷ gÃ- ®©u. Mµ tr¸i l¹i t«i c¶m thÊy h¬i ng¹c nhiªn)

 Thµnh ng÷ nµy cßn diÃ"n ®¹t ý kiÕn ­ím thö: NÕu cã...

Ex: I’d say he was more like a father, if anything

(T«i xin nãi r»ng «ng Êy cßn h¬n c¶ mét ng­êi cha, nÕu cã thÃ" nãi thÕ.)

Ex: He seldom if ever travel abroad.

(Anh ta ch¶ mÊy khi ®i ra n­íc ngoµi)

Ex: Usually, if not always, we write “cannot†as one word

(Th«ng th­êng, nh­ng kh«ng ph¶i lµ lu«n lu«n... )

11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ)

 NghÃœa kh«ng m¹nh b»ng although - Dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t quan ®iÃ"m riªng hoÆc vÊn ®Ã' gÃ- ®ã kh«ng quan träng.

Ex: His style, if simple, is pleasant to read.

(V¨n phong cña «ng ta, cho dï lµ ®¬n gi¶n, thÃ- ®äc còng thó)

Ex: The profits, if little lower than last year’s, are still extremely wealthy

(Lîi nhuËn, cho dï lµ cã thÊp h¬n n¨m qua mét chót, thÃ- vÉn lµ rÊt lín.)

 CÊu tróc nµy cã thÃ" thay b»ng may..., but

Ex: His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to Hope, to Wish.

Hai ®éng tõ nµy tuy cïng nghÃœa nh­ng kh¸c nhau vÃ' c¸ch sö dÃ'ng vµ b¶n chÊt ng÷ ph¸p.

 §éng tõ cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau hope (hi väng r»ng) sà diÃ"n biÕn bÃ-nh th­êng theo thêi gian cña chÃnh mÃ-nh ®Ã' ®ã.

 §éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau wish b¾t buéc ph¶i ë d¹ng ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n ®ã chia lµm 3 thêi:

1. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng cã thËt ë t­¬ng lai

§éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau wish sà cã d¹ng would/could + Verb hoÆc were + [verb + ing].

Ex: We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come)

2. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i

§éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau wish sà chia ë Simple past, to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.

Ex: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.

3. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë qu¸ khø

§éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau wish sà chia ë Past perfect hoÆc could have + P2.

Ex: I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.

She wishes that she could have been there.

*L­u ý 1: §éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau wish chØ cã thÃ" bÞ ¶nh h­ëng cña wish lµ b¾t buéc ph¶i ë d¹ng ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc nh­ng ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n Êy ë thêi nµo l¹i phÃ' thuéc vµo chÃnh thêi gian cña b¶n th©n mÃ-nh ®Ã' chø kh«ng vµo wish.

Ex: She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past)

Ex: He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future)

Ex: The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standing now. (Present).

*L­u ý 2: CÇn ph©n biÃ-t wish (­íc gÃ-/ mong gÃ-) víi wish mang nghÃœa "chóc"trong mÉu c©u: to wish sb smt

Ex: I wish you a happy birthday.

*L­u ý 3: vµ wish mang nghÃœa "muèn": To wish to do smt (Muèn lµm gÃ-)

To wish smb to do smt (Muèn ai lµm gÃ-)

Ex: Why do you wish to see the manager

Ex: I wish to make a complaint.

Ex: The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign university.

 Wish (lÞch sù/ trang träng nhÊt) = would like (lÞch sù) = want (th©n mËt)

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh­ lµ, nh­ thÃ" lµ)

MÃ-nh ®Ã' ®»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy th­êng xuyªn ë d¹ng ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc. §iÃ'u kiÃ-n nµy chia lµm 2 thêi:

 Thêi hiÃ-n t¹i: nÕu ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' tr­íc chia ë thêi hiÃ-n t¹i ®¬n gi¶n thÃ- ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau chia ë qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n. To be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.

Ex: The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter)

 Thêi qu¸ khø: NÕu ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' tr­íc chia ë qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n thÃ- ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau chia ë qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh.

Ex: Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (He didn't see a ghost)

L­u ý: MÃ-nh ®Ã' sau as if, as though kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo qui luËt trªn. NÕu ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n trong c©u lµ cã thËt hoÆc theo quan niÃ-m cña ng­êi nãi, ng­êi viÕt lµ cã thËt thÃ- hai c«ng thøc trªn kh«ng ®­îc sö dÃ'ng. §éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau diÃ"n biÕn bÃ-nh th­êng theo mèi quan hÃ- ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh.

Ex: He looks as if he has finished the test.

Used to, to be/get used to

 Used to + Verb: Th­êng hay ®• tõng. ChØ mét thãi quen, mét hµnh ®éng th­êng xuyªn x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.

Ex: When David was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)

Nghi vÊn: Did + S + used to + Verb = Used + S + to + V.

Phñ ®Þnh: S + didn't + used to + Verb = S + used not to + V.

 To be/ to get used to + V-ing/ Noun: Trë nªn quen víi.

Ex: He is used to swimming every day.

Ex: He got used to American food

*L­u ý: Used to + V cã thÃ" thay b»ng would nh­ng Ãt khi vÃ- dÃ" nhÇm lÉn.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng thµnh ng÷ would rather

would rather .... than = prefer .... to = thÃch h¬n lµ.

 §»ng sau would rather b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ bá to nh­ng sau prefer lµ mét V-ing vµ cã thÃ" bá ®i ®­îc.

 Khi would rather .... than mang nghÃœa thµ .... cßn h¬n lµ thÃ- prefer .... to kh«ng thÃ" thay thÕ ®­îc.

Ex: They would rather die in freedom than live in slavery.

Ex: He prefers dogs to cat (Anh ta thÃch chã h¬n mÃŒo)

Ex: He would rather have dogs than cats (Anh ta thµ nu«i chã h¬n mÌo)

 ViÃ-c sö dÃ'ng would rather cßn tïy thuéc vµo sè CN vµ nghÃœa cña c©u.

1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷

CÊu tróc sö dÃ'ng cho lo¹i c©u nµy lµ would rather ... than lµ lo¹i c©u ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc vµ chia lµm 2 thêi:

 Thêi hiÃ-n t¹i: Sau would rather lµ nguyªn thÃ" bá to. NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÃ" phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tr­íc nguyªn thÃ" bá to.

Ex: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

 Thêi qu¸ khø: §éng tõ sau would rather ph¶i lµ have + P2, nÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÃ" phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tr­íc have.

Ex: Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.

2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷

Lo¹i c©u nµy dïng thµnh ng÷ would rather that (­íc gÃ-, mong gÃ-) vµ dïng trong mét sè tr­êng hîp sau:

a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÃ-n t¹i

 Lµ lo¹i c©u ng­êi thø nhÊt muèn ng­êi thø hai lµm viÃ-c gÃ- nh­ng lµm hay kh«ng cßn phÃ' thuéc vµo ng­êi thø hai. Trong tr­êng hîp nµy ®éng tõ ë mÃ-ng ®Ã' hai ®Ã" ë d¹ng nguyªn thÃ" bá to. NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÃ" phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tr­íc nguyªn thÃ" bá to.

Ex: I would rather that you call me tomorrow.

 Ng÷ ph¸p hiÃ-n ®¹i ngµy nay ®Æc biÃ-t lµ ng÷ ph¸p MÃœ cho phÃp bá that trong cÊu tróc nµy mµ vÉn gi÷ nguyªn hÃ-nh thøc gi¶ ®Þnh.

Ex: He would rather (that) he not take this train.

b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë hiÃ-n t¹i

 §éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ hai sà chia ë simple past, to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.

Ex: Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does.

Ex: Jane would rather that it were winter now.

 NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÃ" phñ ®Þnh dïng didn't + Verb hoÆc were not sau chñ ng÷ hai.

c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc ë qu¸ khø

 §éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ hai sà chia ë d¹ng past perfect.

 NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÃ" phñ ®Þnh dïng hadn't + P2.

Ex: Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

L­u ý: Trong lèi nãi bÃ-nh th­êng hµng ngµy ng­êi ta dïng wish thay cho would rather that.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng thµnh ng÷ Would like

 DiÃ"n ®¹t mét c¸ch lÞch sù lêi mêi mäc hoÆc ý mÃ-nh muèn gÃ-.

Ex: Would you like to dance with me.

 Kh«ng dïng do you want khi mêi mäc ng­êi kh¸c.

 Trong tiÕng Anh cña ng­êi Anh, nÕu ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t sù ­a thÃch cña chñ ng÷ thÃ- sau like lµ mét V-ing.

Ex: He does like reading novel. (enjoyment)

 Nh­ng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t sù lùa chän hoÆc thãi quen thÃ- sau like ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ".

Ex: Between the soccer and tenis, I like to see the former. (choice)

Ex: When making tea, he usually likes to put some sugar and a slice of lemon in first. (habit)

 Nh­ng trong tiÕng Anh ng­êi MÃœ kh«ng cã sù ph©n biÃ-t nµy: TÊt c¶ sau like ®Ã'u lµ ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ".

 Wouldn't like = kh«ng ­a trong khi don't want = kh«ng muèn.

Ex: Would you like somemore coffee ?

Polite: No, thanks/ No, I don't want any more.

Impolite: I wouldn't like (thÌm vµo)

 L­u ý r»ng khi like ®­îc dïng víi nghÃœa "cho lµ ®óng" hoÆc "cho lµ hay/ kh«n ngoan" thÃ- bao giê theo sau còng lµ mét nguyªn thÃ" cã to (infinitive)

Ex: She likes the children to play in the garden (She think they are safe playing there)

(C« Êy muèn bän trÎ con ch¬i trong v­ên cho ch¾c/ cho an toµn)

Ex: I like to go to the dentist twice a year

(T«i muèn ®Õn b¸c sÜ nha khoa 2 lÇn n¨m cho ch¾c).

 Would like = would care /love/ hate/ prefer + to + verb khi diÃ"n ®¹t ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n cho mét hµnh ®éng cÃ' thÃ" ë t­¬ng lai.

Ex: Would you like/ care to come with me? I'd love to

 Would like/ would care for/ would enjoy + Verb-ing khi diÃ"n ®¹t khÈu vÞ, ý thÃch nãi chung cña chñ ng÷.

Ex: She would like/ would enjoy riding if she could ride better.

Ex: I wonder if Tom would care for/ would enjoy hang-gliding.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÃ-n t¹i

1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÃ, cã thÃ".

 ChØ kh¶ n¨ng cã thÃ" x¶y ra ë hiÃ-n t¹i nh­ng ng­êi nãi kh«ng d¸m ch¾c. (C¶ 3 ®éng tõ ®Ã'u cã gi¸ trÞ nh­ nhau).

Ex: It might rain tomorrow.

2. Should + Verb in simple form

 Nªn : diÃ"n ®¹t mét lêi khuyªn, sù gîi ý, sù b¾t buéc nh­ng kh«ng m¹nh l¾m.

 Cã khi, cã là : DiÃ"n ®¹t ng­êi nãi mong muèn ®iÃ'u ®ã sà x¶y ra. (Expect)

 C¸c thµnh ng÷ had better, ought to, be supposed to ®Ã'u mang nghÃœa t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi should víi ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n ®éng tõ to be trong thµnh ng÷ be supposed to ph¶i chia ë thêi hiÃ-n t¹i.

Ex: John ought to study tonight.

Ex: John is supposed to study tonight.

L­u ý: Thµnh ng÷ be supposed to ngoµi ra cßn mang nghÜa: qui ®Þnh ph¶i, b¾t buéc ph¶i.

Ex: We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the teacher had to attend a conference.

3. Must + Verb in simple form

 Ph¶i: mang nghÜa b¾t buéc rÊt m¹nh.

Ex: George must call his insurance agent today.

 H¼n lµ: chØ sù suy luËn logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÃ-n t­îng cã thËt ë hiÃ-n t¹i.

Ex: John's lights are out. He must be asleep.

 Ng­êi ta dïng have to thay cho must trong c¸c tr­êng hîp sau

ï¶ Qu¸ khø = had to.

Ex: Mrs.Kinsey had to pass an examination before she could practice law.

ï¶ T­¬ng lai = will have to.

Ex: We will have to take an exam next week.

ï¶ HiÃ-n t¹i: Have to ®­îc dïng thay cho must ®Ã" hái xem b¶n th©n mÃ-nh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµm gÃ- hoÆc ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t sù b¾t buéc do kh¸ch quan ®em l¹i. Gi¶m nhÃ' tÃnh b¾t buéc cña must.

Ex: Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit.

Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card number written down in this register. I'm sorry but that's the way it is.

L­u ý: Have got to + Verb = must

Ex: He has got to go to the office tonight. (Th­êng dïng nhiÃ'u trong v¨n nãi).

vµ th­êng xuyªn dïng cho nh÷ng hµnh ®éng ®¬n lÃŽ, t¸ch biÃ-t.

Ex: I have to work everyday except Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on Saturday.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø

1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã là ®•

 DiÃ"n ®¹t mét kh¶ n¨ng cã thÃ" ë qu¸ khø song ng­êi nãi kh«ng d¸m ch¾c.

Ex: It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.

2. Could have + P2 = Là ra ®• cã thÃ" (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng)

Ex: He could have gotten the ticket for the concert last night.

3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã là lóc Êy ®ang

Ex: I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

4. Should have + P2 = Là ra ph¶i, là ra nªn

 ChØ mét viÃ-c là ra ®• ph¶i x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø nh­ng trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng.

Should have + P2 = was/ were supposed to

Ex: Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (She did call him)

5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®•

 ChØ sù suy ®o¸n logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÃ-n t­îng cã thËt ë qu¸ khø.

Ex: The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.

6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang

Ex: I didn't hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.

C¸c vÊn ®Ã' sö dÃ'ng should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cÃ' thÃ"

 DiÃ"n ®¹t kÕt qu¶ cña mét yÕu tè t­ëng t­îng: SÃ

Ex: If I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign.

 Dïng trong mÃ-nh ®Ã' cã that sau nh÷ng tÃnh tõ chØ tr¹ng th¸i nh­ anxious/ sorry/ concerned/ happy/ delighted... : LÊy lµm/ r»ng/ vÃ-...

Ex: I'm anxious that she should be well cared for

(T«i lo l¾ng r»ng liÃ-u c« Êy cã ®­îc s¨n sãc tèt kh«ng)

Ex: We are sorry that you should feel uncomfortable

(Chóng t«i lÊy lµm tiÕc vÃ- anh kh«ng thÊy ®­îc tho¶i m¸i)

Ex: That you should speak to him like that is quite astonishing

(C¸i ®iÃ'u mµ anh Êy nãi víi anh nh­ vËy qu¶ lµ ®¸ng ng¹c nhiªn).

 Dïng víi if/ in case ®Ã" chØ mét ®iÃ'u khã cã thÃ" x¶y ra/ ng­êi ta ®­a ra ý kiÕn chØ ®Ã' phßng ngõa.

Ex: If you should change your mind = Should you change your mind, please let me know.

Ex: In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her.(Ngé nhì/ nÕu ch¼ng may «ng Êy quªn mÊt ra s©n bay, thÃ- sà kh«ng cã ai ë ®ã ®ãn c« ta mÊt)

 Dïng sao so that/ in order that ®Ã" chØ mÃ'c ®Ãch (Thay cho would/ could)

Ex: He put the cases in the car so that he should be able to make an early start.

Ex: She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.

 Dïng trong lêi yªu cÇu lÞch sù

Ex: I should like to make a phone call, if possible (t«i xin phÃp gäi ®iÃ-n tho¹i nÕu t«i cã thÃ")

 Dïng víi imagine/ say/ think... ®Ã" ®­a ra lêi ®Ã' nghÞ: ThiÕt t­ëng, cho lµ

Ex: I should imagine it will take about 3 hours (T«i thiÕt t­ëng c«ng viÃ-c sà tèn mÊt 3 giê ®ång hÃ¥ ®Êy).

Ex: I should say she's over 40 (T«i cho lµ bµ ta ®• ngoµi 40)

 Dïng trong c©u hái ®Ã" diÃ"n t¶ sù nghi ngê, thiÕu quan t©m

Ex: How should I know (Lµm sao t«i biÕt ®­îc kia chø)

Ex: Why should he thinks that (sao nã l¹i nghÜ nh­ vËy chø)

 Dïng víi c¸c ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn nh­ what/ where/ who ®Ã" diÃ"n t¶ sù ng¹c nhiªn, th­êng dïng víi "But".

Ex: I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself (T«i ®ang tÃnh lµ ®Õn th¨m John thÃ- ng­êi xuÊt hiÃ-n l¹i chÃnh lµ anh Êy)

Ex: What should I find but an enormous spider (C¸i mµ t«i nhÃ-n thÊy l¹i chÃnh lµ mét con nhÃ-n khæng lÃ¥)

TÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ

 Mét tÃnh tõ lu«n bæ nghÃœa cho mét danh tõ vµ chØ mét danh tõ, nã lu«n ®øng tr­íc danh tõ ®­îc bæ nghÃœa.

 Trong tiÕng Anh, cã duy nhÊt mét tÃnh tõ ®øng sau danh tõ:

galore = nhiÃ'u, phong phó, dÃ¥i dµo

Ex: There were errors galore in the final test.

 TÃnh tõ còng ®øng sau c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ (something, anything, anybody...)

Ex: It’s something strange.

Ex: He is sb quite unknown.

 Mét phã tõ lu«n bæ nghÃœa cho mét ®éng tõ, mét tÃnh tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ kh¸c.

Ex: Rita drank too much.

Ex: I don't play tenis very well.

 Adj + ly = Adv. Nh­ng ph¶i cÈn thËn, vÃ- mét sè tÃnh tõ còng cã tËn cïng lµ ®u«i ly (lovely, friendly). Phã tõ cña c¸c tÃnh tõ nµy ®­îc cÊu t¹o b»ng c¸ch nh­ sau:

in a + Adj + way/ manner

Ex: He behaved me in a friendly way.

 Mét sè c¸c phã tõ cã cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÃ-t: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. C¸c phã tõ nµy tr¶ lêi cho c©u hái how.

 Ngoµi ra cßn mét sè c¸c cÃ'm tõ còng ®­îc coi lµ phã tõ, nã bao gÃ¥m mét giíi tõ më ®Çu víi c¸c danh tõ ®i sau ®Ã" chØ: ®Þa ®iÃ"m (at home), thêi gian (at 5 pm), ph­¬ng tiÃ-n (by train), tÃ-nh huèng, hµnh ®éng (in a very difficult situation). TÊt c¶ c¸c cÃ'm nµy ®Ã'u ®­îc xem lµ phã tõ.

 VÞ trà cña phã tõ trong c©u t­¬ng ®èi tho¶i m¸i vµ phøc t¹p, qui luËt:

• NÕu ch­a biÕt ®Æt phã tõ ë ®©u thÃ- vÞ trà th­êng xuyªn cña nã ë cuèi c©u, ®Æc biÃ-t c¸c phã tõ ®u«i ly.

• C¸c phã tõ vµ cÃ'm phã tõ lµm bæ ng÷ ®øng cuèi c©u theo thø tù nh­ sau: chØ ph­¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng-chØ ®Þa ®iÃ"m-chØ thêi gian-chØ ph­¬ng tiÃ-n hµnh ®éng-chØ tÃ-nh huèng hµnh ®éng.

• Kh«ng bao giê mét phã tõ hoÆc mét cÃ'm phã tõ ®­îc xen vµo gi÷a ®éng tõ vµ t©n ng÷.

• NÕu trong c©u kh«ng cã phã tõ nµo kh¸c ngoµi phã tõ chØ thêi gian thÃ- cã thÃ" ®­a nã lªn ®Çu c©u.

Ex: In 1980, He graduated and found a job.

ï¶ C¸c phã tõ chØ tÇn sè nh­: always, sometimes, often... lu«n ®øng tr­íc ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng nh­ng ®øng sau ®éng tõ to be.

Ex: The president always comes in time.

Ex: The president is always in time.

§éng tõ nèi

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau, mang nh÷ng tÃnh chÊt sau

be appear feel

become seem look

remain sound smell

stay

 Kh«ng diÃ"n ®¹t hµnh ®éng mµ diÃ"n ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i hoÆc b¶n chÊt sù viÃ-c.

 §»ng sau chóng ph¶i lµ tÃnh tõ kh«ng thÃ" lµ phã tõ.

 Kh«ng ®­îc chia ë thÃ" tiÕp diÃ"n dï d­íi bÊt cø thêi nµo.

L­u ý: Trong b¶ng cã c¸c cÆp ®éng tõ:

to seem to happen

= = d­êng nh­

to appear to chance

Chóng cã thÃ" thay thÕ lÉn cho nhau, nh­ng kh«ng thÃ" thay thÕ ngang hay thay thÕ chÃo.

 C¸c ®éng tõ nµy ®­îc dïng theo mÉu c©u sau:

• Dïng víi chñ ng÷ gi¶ it

Ex: It seems that they have passed the exam./ It happens (chances that they have passed the test)

• Dïng víi chñ ng÷ thËt

Ex: They seem to have passed the exam./ They happened/ chanced to have passed the exam.

 NghÃœa "TÃ-nh cê", "NgÉu nhiªn", "May mµ".

Ex: She happened to be out/ It happened that she was out when he called (NgÉu nhiªn c« ta kh«ng cã nhµ khi anh ta gäi ®iÃ-n)

Ex: She chanced to be in/ It happened that she was in when he called. (May mµ c« ta cã nhµ khi anh ta gäi ®iÃ-n ®Õn).

 Ba ®éng tõ: to be, to become, to remain trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cã mét danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ danh tõ theo sau, khi ®ã chóng mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi.

Ex: Children often become bored (adj) at meeting

Christine became class president (noun phrase) after a long, hard campaign.

 Bèn ®éng tõ: to feel, to look, to smell, to taste trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cã thÃ" lµ ngo¹i ®éng tõ, ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ ®i sau nã, lóc nµy nã mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi, cã thÃ" cã phã tõ ®i kÃŒm. Chóng thay ®æi vÃ' mÆt ng÷ nghÃœa:

Ex: to feel: sê n¾n ®Ã" kh¸m.

Ex: to look at: nhÃ-n

Ex: to smell: ngöi

Ex: to taste: nÕm

Chóng ®­îc phÃp chia ë thÃ- tiÕp diÃ"n.

Ex: The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly.

C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ

1. So s¸nh b»ng

 CÊu tróc sö dÃ'ng lµ as .... as

 NÕu lµ phñ ®Þnh, as thø nhÊt cã thÃ" thay b»ng so (chØ ®Ã" dÃ" ®äc â€" informal English)

 Sau as ph¶i lµ mét ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®­îc lµ mét t©n ng÷ (Lçi c¬ b¶n)

Ex: He is not as tall as his father.

Ex: He is not so tall as his father.

 Danh tõ còng cã thÃ" ®­îc dïng ®Ã" so s¸nh trong tr­êng hîp nµy, nh­ng nªn nhí tr­íc khi so sanh ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng danh tõ ®ã ph¶i cã c¸c tÃnh tõ t­¬ng ®­¬ng.

adjectives nouns

heavy, light weight

wide, narrow width

deep, shallow depth

long, short length

big, small size

Ex: My house is as high as his.

My house is the same height as his.

The same...as >< different from...

 Chó ý, trong tiÕng Anh (A-E), different than... còng cã thÃ" ®­îc dïng nÕu sau chóng lµ mét mÃ-nh ®Ã' hoµn chØnh. Tuy nhiªn tr­êng hîp nµy kh«ng phæ biÕn vµ kh«ng ®­a vµo c¸c bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p:

Ex: His appearance is different from what I have expected.

...than I have expected.(A-E)

2. So s¸nh h¬n kÃm

 Trong lo¹i so s¸nh nµy ng­êi ta chia lµm hai d¹ng: tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n (®äc lªn chØ cã mét vÇn). TÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi (2 vÇn trë lªn).

 §èi víi tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n chØ cÇn céng ®u«i er.

 §èi víi tÃnh tõ ng¾n chØ cã mét nguyªn ©m kÃ'p gi÷a hai phÃ' ©m tËn cïng, ph¶i gÊp ®«i phÃ' ©m cuèi ®Ã" tr¸nh thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc.

 §èi víi tÃnh tõ tËn cïng lµ y, dï cã 2 vÇn vÉn bÞ coi lµ tÃnh tõ ng¾n vµ ph¶i ®æi thµnh Y-IER (happyï‚®happier; dryï‚®drier; prettyï‚®prettier).

 Tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t: strongï‚®stronger; friendlyï‚®friendlier than/ more friendly than.

 §èi víi tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi ph¶i dïng more/less.

 Sau THAN ph¶i lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®­îc lµ t©n ng÷. C«ng thøc:

 Khi so s¸nh mét ng­êi/ mét vËt víi tÊt c¶ nh÷ng ng­êi hoÆc vËt kh¸c ph¶i thªm else sau anything/anybody...

Ex: He is smarter than anybody else in the class.

 §Ã" nhÊn m¹nh so s¸nh, cã thÃ" thªm much/far tr­íc so s¸nh, c«ng thøc:

Ex: Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine

Ex: He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.

 Danh tõ còng cã thÃ" dïng ®Ã" so s¸nh b»ng hoÆc h¬n kÃm, nh­ng tr­íc khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh xem ®ã lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc, vÃ- ®»ng tr­íc chóng cã mét sè ®Þnh ng÷ dïng víi 2 lo¹i danh tõ ®ã. C«ng thøc:

Ex: He earns as much money as his father.

Ex: February has fewer day than March.

Ex: Their jobs allow them less freedom than ours does.

 *L­u ý (quan träng): §»ng sau as vµ than cña c¸c mÃ-nh ®Ã' so s¸nh cã thÃ" lo¹i bá chñ ng÷ nÕu nã trïng hîp víi chñ ng÷ thø nhÊt, ®Æc biÃ-t lµ khi ®éng tõ sau than vµ as ë d¹ng bÞ ®éng. Lóc nµy than vµ as cßn cã thªm chøc n¨ng cña mét ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- thay thÕ.

Ex: Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected (Incorrect: as it had been expected).

Ex: Anne is going to join us , as was agreed last week (Incorrect: as it was agree last week).

 He worries more than was good for him (Incorrect: than it/what is good for him).

*HoÆc c¸c t©n ng÷ còng cã thÃ" bÞ lo¹i bá sau c¸c ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau THAN vµ AS:

Ex: Don’t lose your passport, as I did last year (Incorrect: as I did it last year).

Ex: They sent more than I had ordered (Incorrect: than I had ordered it).

Ex: She gets her meet from the same butcher as I go to (Incorrect: as I go to him).

3. So s¸nh hîp lý

 Khi so s¸nh nªn nhí: c¸c mÃ'c dïng ®Ã" so s¸nh ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng nhau: ng­êi-ng­êi, vËt-vËt.

 Bëi vËy mÃ'c so s¸nh hîp lý sà lµ:

• Së h÷u c¸ch

Ex: Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.

(C©u nµy so s¸nh c¸c bøc tranh víi ng­êi chØ dÉn)

 Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s.

(instructor's = instructor's drawings)

• Dïng thªm that of cho danh tõ sè Ãt:

Ex: Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary.

(C©u nµy so s¸nh salary víi secretary)

ï‚® Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.

(that of = the salary of)

• Dïng thªm those of cho c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u:

Ex: Incorrect: Theduties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher .

(C©u nµy so s¸nh duties víi teacher)

ï‚® Correct: Theduties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher

(those of = the duties of)

4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÃ-t

Adjective or adverb Comparative Superlative

far

little

much

many

good

well

bad

badly farther

further

less

worse farthest

furthest

least

worst

L­u ý: farther : dïng cho kho¶ng c¸ch

further : dïng cho th«ng tin hoÆc mét sè tr­êng hîp trõu t­îng kh¸c

Ex: The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.

Ex: If you want more/further information, please call to the agent.

Ex: Next year he will come to the U.S for his further (= more) education

5. So s¸nh ®a béi

 T­¬ng ®­¬ng cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÃ-t: gÊp r­ìi, gÊp hai...

 Kh«ng ®­îc sö dÃ'ng so s¸nh h¬n kÃm mµ sö dÃ'ng so s¸nh b»ng, khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ lµ ®Õm ®­îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc, vÃ- ®»ng tr­íc chóng cã many/much

Ex: This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.

Ex:Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.

 Ng÷ ph¸p hiÃ-n ®¹i ngµy nay, ®Æc biÃ-t lµ ng÷ ph¸p Mü cho phÃp dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÃm ®Õn gÊp 3 lÇn trë lªn, nh­ng ®èi víi gÊp 2 hoÆc 1/2 thÃ- tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng.

C¸c lèi nãi: twice that many/twice that much = gÊp ®«i ngÇn Êy... chØ ®­îc dïng trong khÈu ng÷, kh«ng ®­îc dïng ®Ã" viÕt.

Ex: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up. (twice as many as that number).

6. So s¸nh kÃp

 Lµ lo¹i so s¸nh víi cÊu tróc: Cµng... cµng...

 C¸c Adj/Adv so s¸nh ph¶i ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, tr­íc chóng ph¶i cã The

Ex: The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

 NÕu chØ mét vÕ cã Adj/Adv so s¸nh thÃ- vÕ cßn l¹i cã thÃ" dïng The more

Ex: The more you study, the smarter you will become.

 Sau The more ë vÕ thø nhÊt cã thÃ" cã that nh­ng kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt.

Ex: The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.

 Trong tr­êng hîp nÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Ã'u cã thµnh ng÷ it is thÃ- bá chóng ®i

Ex: The shorter (it is), the better (it is).

 HoÆc nÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Ã'u lµ to be thÃ- bá ®i

Ex: The closer to one of the Earth’s pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).

 C¸c thµnh ng÷: all the better (cµng tèt h¬n), all the more (cµng... h¬n), not... any the more... (ch¼ng... h¬n... tà nµo), none the more... (ch¼ng chót nµo) dïng ®Ã" nhÊn rÊt m¹nh cho c¸c tÃnh tõ hoÆc phã tõ ®­îc ®em ra so s¸nh ®»ng sau. Nã chØ ®­îc dïng víi c¸c tÃnh tõ trõu t­îng:

Ex: Sunday mornings were nice. I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast.

(c¸c s¸ng chñ nhËt trêi thËt ®Ã'p. T«i l¹i cµng thÃch nh÷ng s¸ng chñ nhËt ®ã h¬n n÷u vÃ- Sue th­êng ghà qua ¨n s¸ng.)

Ex: He didn’t seem to be any the worse for his experience.

(Anh ta cµng kh¸ h¬n lªn vÃ- nh÷ng kinh nghiÃ-m cña mÃ-nh.)

Ex: He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser.

(Anh ta gi¶i thÃch toµn bé ®iÃ'u ®ã cÈn thËn nh­ng t«i vÉn kh«ng s¸ng ra chót nµo c¶.)

 CÊu tróc nµy tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng dïng cho c¸c tÃnh tõ cÃ' thÃ":

Ex: Incorrect: Those pills have made him all the slimmer.

7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... thÃ- ®•...

 ChØ dïng cho thêi Qu¸ khø vµ thêi HiÃ-n t¹i, kh«ng dïng cho thêi T­¬ng lai.

 No sooner ®øng ë ®Çu mét mÃ-nh ®Ã', theo sau nã lµ mét trî ®éng tõ ®¶o lªn tr­íc chñ ng÷ ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh, than ®øng ë ®Çu mÃ-nh ®Ã' cßn l¹i:

Ex: No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain. (Past)

Mét và dÃ' ë thêi hiÃ-n t¹i (will ®­îc lÊy sang dïng cho hiÃ-n t¹i)

Ex: No sooner will he arrive than he want to leave.(Present)

 Mét cÊu tróc t­¬ng ®­¬ng cÊu tróc nµy:

No sooner ... than ... = Hardly/Scarely ... when

Ex: Scarely had they felt in love each other when they got maried.

L­u ý: No longer ... = not ... anymore = kh«ng ... n÷a, dïng theo cÊu tróc:

8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt

 Khi so s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt, chØ ®­îc dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÃm, kh«ng ®­îc dïng so s¸nh bËc nhÊt, mÆc dï trong mét sè d¹ng v¨n nãi vµ c¶ v¨n viÕt vÉn chÊp nhËn so s¸nh bËc nhÊt. (Lçi c¬ b¶n).

 Tr­íc adj vµ adv so s¸nh ph¶i cã the, trong c©u cã thµnh ng÷ of the two + noun thµnh ng÷ cã thÃ" ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.

Ex: Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.

9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt

 Dïng khi so s¸nh 3 ng­êi hoÆc 3 vËt trë lªn:

 §èi víi tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n dïng ®u«i est.

 §èi víi tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi dïng most hoÆc least.

 §»ng tr­íc so s¸nh ph¶i cã the.

 Dïng giíi tõ in víi danh tõ sè Ãt.

Ex: John is the tallest boy in the family

 Dïng giíi tõ of víi danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u

Ex: Deana is the shortest of the three sister

 Do ®ã sau thµnh ng÷ One of the + so s¸nh bËc nhÊt + noun ph¶i ®¶m b¶o ch¾c ch¾n r»ng noun ph¶i lµ sè nhiÃ'u, vµ ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë sè Ãt.

Ex: One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

 Mét sè c¸c tÃnh tõ hoÆc phã tõ mang tÃnh tuyÃ-t ®èi thÃ- cÊm dïng so s¸nh bËc nhÊt, h¹n chÕ dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÃm, nÕu buéc ph¶i dïng thÃ- bá more:

unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/Prime/ Primary

Ex: His drawings are perfect than mine.

preferable to Sb/Sth... = ®­îc ­a thÃch h¬n...

superior to Sb/Sth... = siªu viÃ-t h¬n...

inferior to Sb/Sth... = h¹ ®¼ng h¬n...

Danh tõ dïng lµm tÃnh tõ

Trong tiÕng Anh cã hiÃ-n t­îng mét danh tõ ®øng tr­íc mét danh tõ kh¸c lµm nhiÃ-m vÃ' cña mét tÃnh tõ. §Ã" lµm ®­îc chøc n¨ng nh­ vËy, chïng ph¶i b¶o ®¶m nh÷ng tÃnh chÊt

 §øng ngay tr­íc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.

 Kh«ng ®­îc phÃp cã hÃ-nh th¸i sè nhiÃ'u trõ mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t.

Ex: No frills store = cöa hµng kh«ng trang trà mµu mÌ.

a sports/sport car

small-claims court = phiªn toµ xö nh÷ng vÃ' nî vÆt.

 NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng lµm tÃnh tõ thÃ- gi÷a chóng ph¶i cã dÊu g¹ch nèi “-â€.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nÕu dïng danh tõ lµm tÃnh tõ thÃ- mang nghÃœa ®en:

Ex: A gold watch ï‚® a watch made of gold.

 Nh­ng nÕu dïng tÃnh tõ gèc mang nghÃœa bãng:

Ex: A golden opportunity = a chance that it is very rare and precious (quà gi¸).

 Kh«ng ®­îc dïng tÃnh tõ bæ trî cho danh tõ khi cho nã chØ tÃnh chÊt nghÃ' nghiÃ-p hoÆc néi dung:

Ex: mathematics teacher/ a biology book

Enough

 Enough lu«n ®øng ®»ng sau Adj/Adv nh­ng l¹i ph¶i ®øng tr­íc danh tõ:

Ex: well enough...

Ex:enough food, enough water...

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nÕu danh tõ ®• ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn, thÃ- ë d­íi cã quyÃ'n dïng enough nh­ mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ

Ex: I forgot money. Do you have enough?

Mét sè tr­êng hîp cÃ' thÃ" dïng Much & Many

Many/ Much + noun/ noun phrase nh­ mét ®Þnh ng÷.

Ex: Ex: She didn’t eat much breakfast

(C« ta kh«ng ¨n s¸ng nhiÃ'u)

Ex: Ex: There aren’t many large glasses left

(Kh«ng cßn l¹i nhiÃ'u cèc lín)

Tuy nhiªn much of + personal and geographic names cã thÃ" ®­îc dïng mµ kh«ng cÇn dÞnh ng÷ ®i kÃŒm theo danh tõ ®»ng sau:

Ex: Ex: I have seen too much of Howard recently.

(GÇn ®©y t«i kh«ng hay gÆp Howard)

Ex: Ex: Not much of Denmark is hilly.

(§an m¹ch kh«ng cã mÊy ®åi nói)

 Many/Much of + determiner (a, the, this, my... ) + noun.

Ex: Ex: You can’t see much of a country in a week.

(Anh kh«ng thÃ" biÕt nhiÃ'u vÃ' mét n­íc trong vßng mét tuÇn ®©u.)

Ex: Ex: I won’t pass the exam. I have missed many of my lessons.

(T«i sà kh«ng tho¸t ®­îc kú thi nµy mÊt, t«i bá qu¸ nhiÃ'u bµi.)

Many vµ much dïng nhiÃ'u trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u nghi vÊn, nh­ng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh nªn dïng c¸c lo¹i tõ kh¸c nh­ plenty of, a lot, lots of... ®Ã" thay thÕ.

Ex: Ex: How much money have you got? I’ve got plenty.

Ex: Ex: He got lots of men friends, but he doesn’t know many women.

Tuy nhiªn trong tiÕng Anh chuÈn (formal) much vµ many vÉn ®­îc dïng bÃ-nh th­êng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh.

Ex: Ex: Much has been written about the causes of unemployment in the opinion of many economists.

Much dïng nh­ mét phã tõ:

Ex: Ex: I don’t travel much these days.

Much cã thÃ" dïng tr­íc mét sè ®éng tõ diÃ"n ®¹t sù ­a thÃch vµ mét sè ý t­¬ng tù ®Æc biÃ-t trong d¹ng tiÕng Anh qui chuÈn.

Ex: Ex: I much appreciate you help.

Ex: Ex: We much prefer the country to the town.

Ex: Ex: Janet much enjoyed her stay with your family.

®èi víi mét sè ®éng tõ (nh­ like/ dislike... ) chØ nªn dïng much sau very vµ trong cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh.

Ex: Ex: I very much like you brother.

Ex: Ex: I don’t much like your dog. It’s very cruel.

Mét sè c¸ch dïng ®Æc biÃ-t cña much vµ many:

§Æc ng÷: Much too much/ many so many dïng ®éc lËp sau mÃ-nh ®Ã' tr­íc danh tõ mµ nã bæ ng÷.

Ex: Ex: The cost of a thirty-second commercial on a network television station is $300,000, much too much for most business.

Many a + singular noun + singular verb: BiÕt bao nhiªu.

Ex: Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge.

Ex: Ex: I have been to the top of the Effeil tower many a time.

 Many’s the (biÕt bao nhiªu) + singular verb

Ex: Ex: Many’s the student who couldn’t follow the post-graduate courses at Universities and colleges under the pressure of money.

(BiÕt bao nhiªu sinh viªn ®• kh«ng thÃ"... )

Ex: Many’s the promise that has been broken.

(BiÕt bao nhiªu lêi høa... )

Ph©n biÃ-t thªm vÃ' c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/ much.

C¸c thµnh ng÷ trªn t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi much/ many (nhiÃ'u) vµ most (®a phÇn).

A lot of/ lots of (informal) = a great deal/ alarge number of/ much/ many (formal)

Kh«ng cã kh¸c nhau gÃ- mÊy gi÷a a lot of vµ lots of. Chñ ng÷ chÃnh sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy sà quyÕt ®Þnh viÃ-c chia ®éng tõ.

A lot of/ lots of +

Ex: Ex: A lot of time is needed to learn a language.

Ex: Ex: Lots of us think it’s time for an election.

Plenty of ®­îc dïng phæ biÕn trong informal English.

Ex: Ex: Don’t rush, there’s plenty of time.

Ex: Ex: Plenty of shops take checks.

A large a mount of = a great deal of + non-count noun (formal English)

Ex: Ex: I have thrown a large amount of ald clothing.

Ex: Ex: Mr Lucas has spent a great deal of time in the Far East.

A lot vµ a great deal cã thÃ" ®­îc dïng lµm phã tõ vµ vÞ trà cña nã lµ ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: Ex: On holiday we walk and swim a lot.

Ex: Ex: The gorvernment seems to change its mind a great deal.

Mét sè c¸ch dïng cÃ' thÃ" cña more & most

 More + noun/noun phrase: dïng nh­ mét ®Þnh ng÷

Ex: Ex: We need more time.

Ex: Ex: More university students are having to borrow money these day.

More + of + personal/geographic names

Ex: Ex: It would bi nice to see more of Ray and Barbara.

RÊt hay khi ®­îc gÆp Ray vµ Barbara th­êng xuyªn h¬n.

Ex: Ex: Five hundred years ago, much more of Britain was covered with trees.

500 n¨m tr­íc ®©y, ®a phÇn n­íc Anh phñ nhiÃ'u rõng h¬n b©y giê nhiÃ'u.

More of + determiner/pronoun (a/ the/ my/ this/ him/ them...)

Ex: Ex: He is more of a fool than I thought.

Nã lµ mét th»ng ngu h¬n t«i t­ëng nhiÃ'u.

Ex: Ex: Three more of the missing climbers have been found.

Ex: Ex: Could I have some more of that smoked fish.

Ex: Ex: I don’t think any more of them want to come.

One more/ two more... + noun/ noun phrase

Ex: Ex: There is just one more river to cross.

Nh­ng ph¶i dïng cardinal number (sè ®Õm) + noun + more (Five dollars more) nÕu more mang nghÜa thªm n÷a.

Ex: Ex: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute $50 more.

Most + noun = §a phÇn, ®a sè

Ex: Ex: Most cheese is made from cow’s milk.

Ex: Ex: Most Swiss people understand French.

Most + determiner/ pronoun (a, the, this, my, him...) = HÇu hÕt...

Ex: Ex: He has eaten 2 pizzas and most of a cold chicken.

Ex: Ex: Most of my friend live abroad.

Ex: Ex: She has eaten most of that cake.

Ex: Ex: Most of us though he was wrong.

Most ®­îc dïng nh­ mét danh tõ, nÕu ë trªn, danh tõ hoÆc chñ ng÷ ®ã ®• ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn.

Ex: Ex: Some people had difficulty with the lecture, but most understood.

Ex: Ex: Ann and Robby found a lot of blackberries, but Susan found the most.

Most + adjective khi mang nghÃœa very

Ex: Ex: That is most kind of you.

Ex: Ex: Thank you for a most interesting afternoon.

C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time

Long ®­îc dïng trong c©u hái vµ c©u phñ ®Þnh.

Ex: Ex: Have you been waiting long?

Ex: Ex: It does not take long to get her house.

Ex: Ex: She seldom stays long.

(for) a long time dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh

Ex: Ex: I waited for a long time, but she didn’t arrive.

Ex: Ex: It takes a long time to get to her house.

Long còng ®­îc dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh khi ®i víi: too, enough, as, so

Ex: Ex: The meeting went on much too long.

Ex: Ex: I have been working here long enough. Time to get a new job.

Ex: Ex: You can stay as long as you want.

Ex: Ex: Sorry! I took so long.

Long before (l©u tr­íc khi)/ long after (m•i sau khi)/ long ago (c¸ch ®©y ®• l©u)

Ex: Ex: We used to live in Paris, but that was long before you were born.

Ex: Ex: Long after the accident he used to dream that he was dying.

Ex: Ex: Long ago, in a distant country, there lived a beutiful princess.

Long ph¶i ®Æt sau trî ®éng tõ: This is a problem that has long been recognized.

All day/ night/ week/ year long = suèt c¶...

Ex: Ex: She sits dreaming all day long

(C« ta ngåi m¬ méng suèt c¶ ngµy).

Before + long = Ngay b©y giê, ch¼ng bao l©u n÷a

Ex: Ex: I will be back before long

(T«i sà quay l¹i ngay b©y giê).

Trong c©u phñ ®Þnh for a long time (®• l©u, trong mét thêi gian dµi)  for long (ng¾n, kh«ng dµi, chèc l¸t)

Ex: Ex: She didn’t speak for long. (= she only spoke for a short time)

Ex: Ex: She didn’t speak for a long time. (= she was silent for a long time)

How long have you been here for? = Anh sà ë ®©y l©u chø? (bao gÃ¥m hoÆc ®Ã' cËp ®Õn c¶ t­¬ng lai).

Ex: Ex:

 How long have you been here for?

 Until the end of next week.

Ex: Ex:

 How long have you been here for? (Anh ®• ë ®©y cho ®Õn giê lµ bao l©u råi?)

 Since last Monday.

Tõ nèi

1. Because, Because of

§»ng sau Because ph¶i dïng 1 c©u hoµn chØnh nh­ng ®»ng sau Because of ph¶i dïng 1 ng÷ danh tõ.

Because of = on account of = due to

 Nh­ng nªn dïng due to sau ®éng tõ to be cho chuÈn.

Ex: The accident was due to the heavy rain.

 Dïng as a result of ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh hËu qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng hoÆc sù vËt, sù viÃ-c.

Ex: He was blinded as a result of a terrible accident.

2. Tõ nèi chØ mÃ'c ®Ãch vµ kÕt qu¶

 Trong cÊu tróc nµy ng­êi ta dïng thµnh ng÷ “so that†(sao cho, ®Ã" cho). §éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau so that ph¶i ®Ã" ë thêi t­¬ng lai so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh.

Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.

 Ph¶i ph©n biÃ-t “so that†trong cÊu tróc nµy víi so that mang nghÃœa do ®ã (therefore). C¸ch ph©n biÃ-t duy nhÊt lµ ®éng tõ ®»ng sau so that mang nghÃœa do ®ã diÃ"n biÕn bÃ-nh th­êng so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' ®»ng tr­íc.

Ex: We heard nothing from him so that ( = therefore) we wondered if he moved away.

3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶.

 Trong lo¹i tõ nèi nµy ng­êi ta dïng cÊu tróc so/such .... that = qu¸, ®Õn nçi mµ vµ chia lµm nhiÃ'u lo¹i sö dÃ'ng.

 Dïng víi tÃnh tõ vµ phã tõ : CÊu tróc lµ so ..... that.

Ex: Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

Ex: Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.

 Dïng víi danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u: CÊu tróc vÉn lµ so ... that nh­ng ph¶i dïng many hoÆc few tr­íc danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

 Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc : CÊu tróc vÉn lµ so ... that nh­ng ph¶i dïng much hoÆc little tr­íc danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: He has invested so much money in the project that he can't abandon it now.

 Dïng víi tÃnh tõ + danh tõ sè Ãt: such a ... that. Cã thÃ" dïng so theo cÊu tróc : so + adj + a + noun ... that. (Ãt phæ biÕn h¬n)

Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.

Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

 Dïng víi tÃnh tõ + danh tõ sè nhiÃ'u/kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc: such ... that. TuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng so.

Ex: They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.

Ex: This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÃnh ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh¸c.

 Even if + negative verb: cho dï.

Ex: You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.

 Whether or not + positive verb: dï cã hay kh«ng.

Ex: You must go tomorrow whether or not you are ready.

 C¸c ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn ®øng ®Çu c©u còng dïng lµm tõ nèi vµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ãt.

Ex: Whether he goes out tonight depends on his girldfriend.

Why these pupils can not solve this problems makes the teachers confused.

 Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi cã quy luËt riªng cña chóng nÕu kÕt hîp víi nhau

And moreover And in addtion And thus or otherwise

And furthermore And therefore But nevertheless But ... anyway

 NÕu nèi gi÷a hai mÃ-nh ®Ã', ®»ng tr­íc chóng ph¶i cã dÊu phÈy

Ex: He was exhausted, and therefore his judgement was not very good.

 Nh­ng nÕu nèi gi÷a hai tõ ®¬n thÃ- kh«ng

Ex: The missing piece is small but significant.

 Unless + positive = if ... not: Trõ phi, nÕu kh«ng.

Ex: You will be late unless you start at once.

 But for that + unreal condition: NÕu kh«ng thÃ-

• HiÃ-n t¹i

Ex: My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn't be here(But he is here learning)

• Qu¸ khø

Ex: My car broken down, but for that we would have been here in time (But they were late)

 Otherwise + real condition: KÃŽo, nÕu kh«ng thÃ-.

Ex: We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out.

 Otherwise + unreal condition: KÃŽo, nÕu kh«ng thÃ- nh­ng sau nã ph¶i lµ ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n kh«ng thÃ" thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc

• HiÃ-n t¹i

Ex: Her father supports her finance otherwise she couldn't conduct these experiments (But she can with her father's).

• Qu¸ khø:

Ex: I used a computer, otherwise I would have taken longer with these calculations (But he didn't take any longer).

*L­u ý: Trong tiÕng Anh th«ng tÃ'c (colloquial English) ng­êi ta dïng or else ®Ã" thay thÕ cho otherwise.

 Provided/Providing that: Víi ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n lµ, miÃ"n lµ = as long as

Ex: You can camp here providing that you leave no mess.

 Suppose/Supposing = What ... if : Gi¶ sö .... thÃ- sau, NÕu ..... thÃ- sao.

Ex: Suppose the plane is late = What (will happen) if the plane is late.

L­u ý:

* Suppose cßn cã thÃ" ®­îc dïng ®Ã" ®­a ra lêi gîi ý.

Ex: Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him.

* L­u ý thµnh ng÷: What if I am: Tao thÕ thÃ- ®• sao nµo (mang tÃnh th¸ch thøc)

 If only + S + simple present/will + verb = hope that: hi väng r»ng

Ex : If only he comes in time

Ex : If only he will learn harder for the test next month.

 If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that(C©u ®/k kh«ng thùc hiÃ-n ®­îc)

Ex: If only he came in time now.

Ex: If only she had studied harder for that test

 If only + S + would + V

• DiÃ"n ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng kh«ng thÃ" x¶y ra ë hiÃ-n t¹i

Ex: If only he would drive more slowly = we wish he drived more slowly.

• DiÃ"n ®¹t mét ­íc muèn v« väng vÃ' t­¬ng lai:

Ex: If only it would stop raining

 Immediately = as soon as = the moment (that) = the instant that = directly: ngay lËp tøc

Ex: Tell me immediatly (=as soon as ) you have any news.

Ex: Phone me the moment that you get the results.

Ex: I love you the instant (that) I saw you.

Ex: Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke.

C©u bÞ ®éng

 Ng­êi ta dïng c©u bÞ ®éng ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng.

 Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u bÞ ®éng ph¶i tu©n theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u chñ ®éng.

 NÕu lµ lo¹i ®éng tõ cã 2 t©n ng÷, muèn nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ nµo ng­êi ta ®­a t©n ng÷ ®ã lªn lµm chñ ng÷ nh­ng th«ng th­êng chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña c©u bÞ ®éng lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex: I gave you a book = I gave a book to him = He was given a book by me.

 §Æt " by + t©n ng÷ míi" ®»ng sau tÊt c¶ c¸c t©n ng÷ kh¸c.

 NÕu sau by lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n x­ng mang nghÃœa ng­êi ta: by people, by sb thÃ- bá h¼n nã ®i.

SIMPLE PRESENT OR SIMPLE PAST

Am

are +[verb in past participle]

was

were

Ex: Active: Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.

Ex: Passive: A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PAST PROGRESSIVE

Am

are + being + [verb in past participle]

was

were

Ex: Active: The committee is considering several new proposals.

Ex: Passive: Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST PERFECT

Has

have + been +[verb in past participle]

had

Ex: Active: The company has ordered some new equipment.

Ex: Passive: Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.

MODALS

modal + been +[verb in past participle]

Ex: Active: The manager should sign these contracts today.

Ex: Passive: These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

 C¸c néi ®éng tõ (§éng tõ kh«ng yªu cÇu 1 t©n ng÷ nµo) kh«ng ®­îc dïng ë bÞ ®éng.

Ex: My leg hurts.

 §Æc biÃ-t khi chñ ng÷ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÃ-m chÃnh cña hµnh ®éng còng kh«ng ®­îc chuyÃ"n thµnh c©u bÞ ®éng.

Ex: The America takes charge: N­íc Mü nhËn l•nh tr¸ch nhiÃ-m

 NÕu lµ ng­êi hoÆc vËt trùc tiÕp g©y ra hµnh ®éng thÃ- dïng by nh­ng nÕu lµ vËt gi¸n tiÕp g©y ra hµnh ®éng thÃ- dïng with.

Ex: The bird was shot with the gun - The bird was shot by the hunter.

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp to be/to get + P2 hoµn toµn kh«ng mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng mµ mang 2 nghÜa:

ï¶ ChØ tr¹ng th¸i mµ chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã

Ex: Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone.

Ex: He got lost in the maze of the town yesterday.

ï¶ ChØ viÃ-c chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy

Ex: The little boy gets dressed very quickly.

Ex: Could I give you a hand with these tires.

Ex: No thanks, I will be done when I finish tightening these bolts.

Mäi sù biÕn ®æi vÃ' thêi vµ thÃ" ®Ã'u nh»m vµo ®éng tõ to be, cßn ph©n tõ 2 gi÷ nguyªn.

• to be made of: §­îc lµm b»ng (§Ã' cËp ®Õn chÊt liÃ-u lµm nªn vËt)

Ex: This table is made of wood

• to be made from: §­îc lµm ra tõ (®Ã' cËp ®Õn viÃ-c nguyªn vËt liÃ-u bÞ biÕn ®æi hoµn toµn vÃ' tr¹ng th¸i ban ®Çu ®Ã" lµm nªn vËt)

Ex: Paper is made from wood

• to be made out of: §­îc lµm b»ng (®Ã' cËp ®Õn qu¸ trÃ-nh lµm ra vËt)

Ex: This cake was made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk

• to be made with: §­îc lµm víi (®Ã' cËp ®Õn chØ mét trong sè nhiÃ'u chÊt liÃ-u lµm nªn vËt)

Ex: This soup tastes good because it was made a lot of spices.

Ph©n biÃ-t thªm vÃ' c¸ch dïng marry vµ divorce trong 2 thÃ": Chñ ®éng vµ bÞ ®éng

• Khi kh«ng cã t©n ng÷ thÃ- ng­êi Anh ­a dïng get maried vµ get divorced trong d¹ng informal English.

Ex: Lulu and Joe got maried last week. (informal)

Ex: Lulu and Joe married last week. (formal)

Ex: After 3 very unhappy years they got divorced. (informal)

Ex: After 3 very unhappy years they dovorced. (formal)

• Sau marry vµ divorce lµ mét t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp kh«ng cã giíi tõ: To mary / divorce smb

Ex: She married a builder.

Ex: Andrew is going to divorce Carola

• To be/ get married/ to smb (giíi tõ “to†lµ b¾t buéc)

Ex: She got married to her childhood sweetheart.

Ex: He has been married to Louisa for 16 years and he still doesn’t understand her.

§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ diÃ"n ®¹t ®èi t­îng thø nhÊt g©y cho ®èi t­îng thø hai mét ®iÃ'u gÃ- víi mét sè mÉu c©u nh­ sau:

1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm gÃ-

2. To have/to get sth done = §­a c¸i gÃ- ®i lµm

 Theo khuynh h­íng nµy ®éng tõ to want vµ would like còng cã thÃ" dïng víi mÉu c©u nh­ vËy: To want/ would like sth done.

C©u hái dïng cho lo¹i mÉu c©u nµy lµ: What do you want done to ?

Ex: What do you want done to your car ?

I want/ would like it washed.

3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth

 §»ng sau t©n ng÷ cña make cßn cã thÃ" dïng 1 tÃnh tõ: To make sb/sth + adj

Ex: Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.

4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao

Ex: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.

5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i gÃ- bÞ lµm sao

Ex: The big thunder storm caused many waterfront houses damaged.

 NÕu t©n ng÷ cña make lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" thÃ- ph¶i ®Æt it gi÷a make vµ tÃnh tõ, ®Æt ®éng tõ ra phÃa ®»ng sau: make it + adj + V as object.

Ex: The wire service made it possible to collect and distribute news faster and cheaper.

 Tuy nhiªn nÕu t©n ng÷ cña make lµ 1 danh tõ hay 1 ng÷ danh tõ thÃ- kh«ng ®­îc ®Æt it gi÷a make vµ tÃnh tõ: Make + adj + noun/ noun phrase.

Ex: The wire service made possible much speedier collection and distribution of news.

6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ã" ai, cho phÃp ai lµm gÃ-

7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm gÃ-

 NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n x­ng mang nghÃœa ng­êi ta thÃ- kh«ng cÇn ph¶i nh¾c ®Õn t©n ng÷ ®ã vµ bá lu«n c¶ to cña ®éng tõ ®»ng saul

Ex: This wonder drug will help (people to) recover more quickly.

 NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help vµ t©n ng÷ cña ®éng tõ sau nã trïng hîp víi nhau, ng­êi ta sà bá t©n ng÷ sau help vµ bá lu«n c¶ to cña ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.

Ex:The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.

8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÃ-t

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng sà thay ®æi ®«i chót khi ®éng tõ sau t©n ng÷ cña chóng ë c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau.

 To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth do sth (hµnh ®éng chøng kiÕn tõ ®Çu ®Õn cuèi)

Ex: I hear the telephone ring.

 To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth doing sth (hµnh ®éng kh«ng chøng kiÕn trän vÃ'n mµ chØ nhÊt thêi)

C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- thay thÕ

TiÕng Anh cã 2 lo¹i c©u

 C©u ®¬n gi¶n: lµ c©u cã 1 thµnh phÇn vµ chØ cÇn vËy c©u còng ®• ®ñ nghÜa.

 C©u phøc hîp: lµ lo¹i c©u cã 2 thµnh phÇn chÃnh/phÃ' nèi víi nhau b»ng 1 tõ gäi lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÃ-.

1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phÃ'

Nã ®øng ®Çu c©u phÃ', thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt ®øng tr­íc nã vµ lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phÃ'. Do ®ã nã kh«ng thÃ" nµo bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: We bought the stereo that had been advertised at a reduced price.

2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phÃ'

• Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt ®øng tr­íc nã, më ®Çu c©u phÃ' nh­ng lµm t©n ng÷. Do ®ã nã cã thÃ" bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: George is going to buy the house (that) we have been thinking of buying

• Ng­êi ta dïng that chø kh«ng dïng which khi:

• §øng tr­íc nã lµ mét tÃnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt + danh tõ

Ex: That is the best novel that has been written by this author.

• Khi ®»ng tr­íc nã lµ mét sè c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ nh­ all, some, any, anything, everything, much, little, nothing v.v..

Ex1: I want to see all that he possesses.

Ex2: All the apples that fall are eaten by pig.

3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phÃ'

• Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt ë tr­íc nã, lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phÃ'. Do ®ã nã kh«ng thÃ" bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: The man (who) is in this room is angry.

4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phÃ'

• Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt ë tr­íc nã vµ lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phÃ', nã cã thÃ" bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: The men (whom) I don't like are angry.

• NÕu whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña mét ng÷ ®éng tõ bao gÃ¥m 1 Verb + 1 giíi tõ thÃ- lèi viÕt chuÈn nhÊt lµ ®­a giíi tõ ®ã lªn tr­íc whom.

Ex: The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.

• Tuy nhiªn nÕu whom lµ t©n ng÷ cña mét ng÷ ®éng tõ bao gÃ¥m 1 ®éng tõ + 2 giíi tõ thÃ- 2 giíi tõ ®ã vÉn ph¶i ®øng ®»ng sau ®éng tõ.

Ex: The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.

• Kh«ng ®­îc dïng who thay cho whom trong v¨n viÕt dï nã ®­îc chÊp nhËn trong v¨n nãi.

5. MÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc.

1) MÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' b¾t buéc.

• Lµ lo¹i mÃ-nh ®Ã' b¾t buéc ph¶i cã mÆt ë trong c©u, nÕu bá ®i c©u sà mÊt ý nghÃœa ban ®Çu.

• Nªn dïng that lµm chñ ng÷ cho lo¹i c©u nµy mÆc dï which vÉn ®­îc chÊp nhËn

• C©u phÃ' th­êng ®øng xen vµo gi÷a c©u chÃnh hoÆc nèi liÃ'n víi c©u chÃnh vµ kh«ng t¸ch rêi khái nã bëi bÊt cø dÊu ph¶y nµo.

Ex: Weeds that float to the surface should be removed before they decay.

2) MÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' kh«ng b¾t buéc

• Lµ lo¹i mÃ-nh ®Ã' mang th«ng tin phÃ' trong c©u, nÕu bá nã ®i c©u kh«ng mÊt nghÃœa ban ®Çu.

• Kh«ng ®­îc dïng that lµm chñ ng÷ mµ ph¶i dïng which, cho dï which cã lµ t©n ng÷ cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' còng kh«ng ®­îc phÃp bá nã ®i.

• C©u phÃ' th­êng ®øng chen vµo gi÷a c©u chÃnh vµ b¾t buéc ph¶i t¸ch khái c©u chÃnh b»ng 2 dÊu phÈy.

Ex1: My car, which is very large, uses too much gasoline.

Ex2: This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Islands, is very smooth.

6. TÇm quan träng cña viÃ-c sö dÃ'ng dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ'

 ë nh÷ng mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' b¾t buéc, khi kh«ng dïng dÊu phÈy tøc lµ cã sù giíi h¹n cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' ®èi víi danh tõ ®»ng tr­íc (trong tiÕng ViÃ-t: chØ cã)

Ex: The travelers who knew about the flood took another road.

(ChØ cã c¸c l÷ kh¸ch nµo mµ...)

Ex: The wine that was stored in the cellar was ruined.

(ChØ cã r­îu vang ®Ã" d­íi hÇm míi bÞ...)

 §èi víi nh÷ng mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' kh«ng b¾t buéc, khi cã dÊu phÈy ng¨n c¸ch thÃ- nã kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc giíi h¹n danh tõ ®øng tr­íc nã. (trong tiÕng ViÃ-t: tÊt c¶).

Ex: The travelers, who knew about the flood, took another road.

(TÊt c¶ l÷ kh¸ch...)

Ex: The wine, which was stored in the cellar, was ruined.

(TÊt c¶ r­îu vang...)

C¸c nguyªn t¾c trªn ®©y chØ dïng trong v¨n viÕt, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n nãi.

7. C¸ch sö dÃ'ng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which

 TuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷: them, us trong tr­êng hîp nµy.

Ex1: Their sons, both of whom (kh«ng ®­îc nãi both of them) are working abroad, ring her up every week.

Ex2: The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.

 What = the thing/ the things that cã thÃ" lµm t©n ng÷ cho mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' cïng lóc lµm chñ ng÷ cho mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh/ hoÆc lµm chñ ng÷ cña c¶ 2 mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh, phÃ'.

Ex1: What we have expected is the result of the test.

Ex2: What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.

8. Whose = cña ng­êi mµ, cña con mµ.

 Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éngvËt ë tr­íc nã vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt ®ã ®èi víi danh tõ ®i sau.

Ex: James, whose father is the president of the company, has received a promotion.

 Trong lèi v¨n viÕt quan träng nªn dïng of which ®Ã" thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt mÆc dï whose vÉn ®­îc chÊp nhËn.

Ex: Saving account, of which (= whose) interest rate is quite hight, is very common now.

 HoÆc dïng with + noun/ noun phrase thay cho whose

Ex: The house whose walls were made of glass = The house with the glass walls.

9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ'

§èi víi nh÷ng mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' b¾t buéc ng­êi ta cã thÃ" lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- vµ ®éng tõ to be (cïng víi c¸c trî ®éng tõ cña nã) trong mét sè tr­êng hîp sau:

 Tr­íc mét mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' mµ cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thêi bÞ ®éng.

Ex: This is the Z value (which was) obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.

 Tr­íc mét mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' mµ sau nã lµ mét ng÷ giíi tõ.

Ex: The beaker (that is) on the counter contains a solution.

 Tr­íc mét cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thÃ" tiÕp diÃ"n.

Ex: The girl (who is) running down the street might be in trouble.

 Ngoµi ra trong mét sè tr­êng hîp khi ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- trong mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' b¾t buéc g¾n liÃ'n víi chñ ng÷ ®øng tr­íc nã vµ mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' Êy diÃ"n ®¹t qui luËt hoÆc sù kiÃ-n diÃ"n ®¹t theo tÇn sè, ng­êi ta cã thÃ" bá ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- vµ ®éng tõ chÃnh thay vµo ®ã b»ng mét Verb-ing.

Ex: The travelers taking (= who take) this bus on a daily basis buy their ticket in booking.

 Trong nh÷ng mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' kh«ng b¾t buéc ng­êi ta còng cã thÃ" lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- vµ ®éng tõ to be khi nã ®øng tr­íc mét ng÷ danh tõ. Tuy nhiªn phÇn ng÷ danh tõ cßn l¹i vÉn ph¶i ®øng gi÷a 2 dÊu phÈy.

Ex: Mr Jackson, (who is) a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.

 Lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÃ- vµ ®éng tõ chÃnh, thay vµo ®ã b»ng 1 Verb-ing khi mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' nµy ®i bæ nghÃœa cho mét t©n ng÷ (lèi viÕt nµy rÊt phæ biÕn).

Ex: The president made a speech for the famous man visiting (who visited) him.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng P1 trong mét sè tr­êng hîp

10. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ.

• Have sb/sth + doing = cause: lµm cho.

Ex: He had us laughing all through the meal.

• S + won't have sb + doing = S + won't allow sb to do sth: kh«ng cho phÃp ai lµm gÃ-

Ex: I won't have him telling me what to do.

• C¸c cÃ'm hiÃ-n t¹i ph©n tõ: adding, pointing out, reminding, warning, reasoning that ®Ã'u cã thÃ" më ®Çu cho mét mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex1: He told me to start early, reminding me that the road would be crowded.

Ex2: Reasoning that he could only get to the lake, we followed that way.

• To catch sb doing sth: b¾t gÆp ai ®ang (hµnh ®éng cña t©n ng÷ lµm phËt lßng chñ ng÷).

Ex: If she catches you reading her diary,she will be furious.

• To find sb/sth doing sth: ThÊy ai/ c¸i gÃ- ®ang

Ex: I found him standing at the doorway

Ex: He found a tree lying across the road.

• To leave sb doing sth: §Ã" ai lµm gÃ-

Ex: I left Bob talking to the director after the introduction.

• Go/come doing sth (dïng cho thÃ" thao vµ mua s¾m)

Ex: Go skiing/ go swimming/ go shopping/ come dancing

• To spend time doing sth: Bá thêi gian lµm gÃ-

Ex: He usually spends much time preparing his lessons.

• To waste time doing: hao phà thêi gian lµm gÃ-

Ex: She wasted all the afternoon having small talks with her friends.

• To have a hard time/trouble doing sth: GÆp khã kh¨n khi lµm gÃ-

Ex: He has trouble listening English.

• To be worth doing sth: ®¸ng ®Ã" lµm gÃ-

Ex: This project is worth spending time and money on.

• To be busy doing something: bËn lµm gÃ-

Ex: She is busy packing now.

• Be no/ not much/ any/ some good doing smt: Kh«ng cã Ãch, Ãt khi cã Ãch (lµm gÃ-)

Ex: It's no good my talking to him: Nãi chuyÃ-n víi anh ta t«i ch¶ thÊy cã Ãch gÃ-.

Ex: What good is it asking her: Hái c« ta thÃ- cã Ãch gÃ- c¬ chø

11. P1 ®­îc sö dÃ'ng ®Ã" rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi

 Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc: hµnh ®éng thø hai ë d¹ng V-ing, hai hµnh ®éng kh«ng t¸ch rêi khái nhau bëi bÊt kÃ- dÊu ph¶y nµo.

Ex: He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling.

 Khi hµnh ®éng thø hai hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp sau theo nã lµ mét phÇn trong qu¸ trÃ-nh diÃ"n biÕn cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt thÃ- hµnh ®éng thø hai hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sau nã ë d¹ng V-ing. Gi÷a hai hµnh ®éng cã ng¨n c¸ch nhau bëi dÊu phÈy.

Ex: She went out and slammed the door -> she went out, slamming the door.

 Khi hµnh ®éng thø 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng sau nã lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt thÃ- hµnh ®éng thø 2 vµ c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sà ë d¹ng V-ing. Nã sà ng¨n c¸ch víi hµnh ®éng chÃnh b»ng mét dÊu phÈy.

Ex: He fired two shots, killling a robber and wounding the other.

 Hµnh ®éng thø 2 kh«ng cÇn chung chñ ng÷ víi hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt mµ chØ cÇn lµ kÕt qu¶ còng ®• cã thÃ" ë d¹ng V-ing.

Ex: The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2)

Whould (should) like + to have + P2 : DiÃ"n ®¹t mét ­íc muèn kh«ng thµnh.

Ex: He would like to have seen the photos = He would have liked to see the photos (But he couldn't).

 Dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ: to appear

to happen

to pretend

 Nªn nhí r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh.

Ex: He seems to have passed the exam -> It seems that he has passed the exam.

Ex: She pretended to have read the material -> She pretended that she had read the material.

 Dïng víi sorry, to be sorry + to have + P2: Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tr­íc tr¹ng th¸i sorry.

Ex: The girls were sorry to have missed the Rock Concert -> the girls were sorry that they had missed the Rock Concert.

 Dïng víi mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ sau ®©y ë thÃ" bÞ ®éng: to ackowledge. believe, consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand. Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh.

Ex: He was believed to have gone out of the country -> It was believed that he had gone out of the country.

 Dïng víi mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c nh­ to claim, expect, hope, promise. §Æc biÃ-t l­u ý r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh sà ë future perfect so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh.

Ex: He expects to have graduated by June -> He expects that he will have graduated by June.

Ex: He promised to have told me the secret by the end of this week -> He promised that he would have told me the secret by the end of this week.

Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dÃ'ng kh¸c cña that

1. That dïng víi t­ c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng)

 §»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ say, tell, think, believe thÃ- that cã thÃ" bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: John said (that) he was leaving next week.

 §»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ mention, declare, report, state thÃ- that b¾t buéc ph¶i cã mÆt.

Ex: George mentioned that he was going to France next year.

 That vÉn b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' thø 2 trong c©u sau dÊu phÈy nÕu vÉn cïng chung mét mÃ-nh ®Ã' ®»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ trªn.

Ex: The Major declared that or June the first he would announce the result of the search and that he would never over look the crime punishment.

2. MÃ-nh ®Ã' that

 Lµ lo¹i mÃ-nh ®Ã' cã hai thµnh phÇn vµ b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that trong c©u.

 Dïng víi chñ ng÷ gi¶ it vµ tÃnh tõ.

It + to be + adj + That + S + V = That + S + V ... to be + adj

Ex: It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.

That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.

 Dïng víi ®éng tõ t¹o thµnh mét mÃ-nh ®Ã' ®éc lËp.

It + verb + complement + That + S + V = That + S + V + ... +V + complement

Ex: It surprises me that John would do such a thing

That John would do such a thing surprises me.

 Ng­êi ta dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it trong v¨n nãi ®Ã" dÃ" nhËn biÕt vµ that lµm chñ ng÷ thËt trong v¨n viÕt.

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta ®¶o ng÷ giíi tõ lªn ®Çu c©u, ®éng tõ nèi hoÆc ®éng tõ tÃœnh ®¶o lªn trªn THAT vµ sau ®ã míi lµ chñ ng÷ thËt. C«ng thøc sö dÃ'ng nh­ sau:

Ex: Among the surprising discoveries were THAT T.rex was a far sleeker but more powerful carnivore than previous thought, perhaps weighing less than 6.5 tons more than a bull elephant, and THAT T.rex habitat was forest, not swamp or plain as previously believed.

(Mét trong sè nh÷ng ph¸t hiÃ-n ng¹c nhiªn lµ ë chç loµi khñng long b¹o chóa lµ mét lo¹i ¨n thÞt cã th©n hÃ-nh m­ît mµ h¬n nhiÃ'u, song còng lµ loµi dòng m•nh h¬n ng­êi ta ®• tõng nghÃœ tr­íc ®©y, cã là c©n nÆng ch­a ®Õn 6 tÊn r­ìi-tøc lµ kh«ng lín h¬n mét con voi ®ùc, vµ t»ng m«i tr­êng sèng cña loµi khñng long nµy lµ rõng chø kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®Çm lÇy hay ®ång b»ng nh­ ng­êi ta vÉn th­êng tin.)

 The fact that + sentence/ the fact remains that + sentence/ the fact of the matter is that = Thùc tÕ lµ.../Sù thùc lµ...

Ex: The fact that Simon had not been home for 3 days didn’t seem to worry anybody.

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh

 Lµ lo¹i c©u ®èi t­îng thø nhÊt muèn ®èi t­îng thø hai lµm mét viÃ-c gÃ- nh­ng lµm hay kh«ng cßn phÃ' thuéc vµo ng­êi thø hai.

 Trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that trõ mét sè tr­êng hîp.

1. Dïng víi would rather that

 Ng÷ ph¸p hiÃ-n ®¹i ngµy nay ®Æc biÃ-t lµ ng÷ ph¸p Mü cho phÃp dïng would rather mµ kh«ng cÇn dïng that trong lo¹i c©u nµy.

Ex: We would rather (that) he not take this train.

2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ.

 B¶ng 1/183. Lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái mÃ-nh ®Ã' ®»ng sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh vµ trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that nÕu nã diÃ"n ®¹t ý trªn.

advise demand prefer require

ask insist propose stipulate

command move recommend suggest

decree order request urge

 §éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÃ" kh«ng chia bá to.

 NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÃ" phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tr­íc nguyªn thÃ" bá to.

Ex: The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.

 NÕu bá that ®i thÃ- chñ ng÷ 2 sà trë vÃ' d¹ng t©n ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã trë vÃ' d¹ng nguyªn thÃ" cã to, c©u mÊt tÃnh chÊt gi¶ ®Þnh. Trë thµnh mét d¹ng mÃ-nh lÃ-nh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

 Trong ng÷ ph¸p Anh-Anh ®»ng tr­íc ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' 2 th­êng cã should, ng­êi Anh chØ bá should khi nã lµ ®éng tõ to be nh­ng ng÷ ph¸p Anh-Mü kh«ng dïng should cho toµn bé ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.

3. Dïng víi tÃnh tõ.

 B¶ng 1/184 lµ mét sè c¸c tÃnh tõ ®ßi hái mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh, trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that vµ ®éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÃ" bá to.

advised necessary recommended urgent

important obligatory required imperative

mandatory proposed suggested

 L­u ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mét sè tÃnh tõ lµ ph©n tõ 2 cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c ®éng tõ ë b¶ng 1/183.

 NÕu muèn cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tr­íc nguyªn thÃ" bá to.

It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form]

Ex1: It is necessary that he find the books.

Ex2: It has been proprosed that we change the topic.

 NÕu bá that ®i thÃ- chñ ng÷ 2 sà biÕn thµnh t©n ng÷ sau giíi tõ for, ®éng tõ trë vÃ' d¹ng nguyªn thÃ" cã to vµ c©u mÊt tÃnh chÊt gi¶ ®Þnh trë thµnh d¹ng mÃ-nh lÃ-nh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

L­u ý:

 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi 2 lo¹i trªn th­êng ®­îc dïng trong c¸c v¨n b¶n hoÆc th­ giao dÞch diÃ"n ®¹t lêi ®Ã' nghÞ tõ phÃa A -> B mµ kh«ng cã tÃnh b¾t buéc.

 Kh«ng chØ cã ®éng tõ vµ tÃnh tõ míi ®­îc dïng theo d¹ng nµy, tÊt c¶ c¸c danh tõ xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ vµ tÃnh tõ trªn ®Ã'u buéc mÃ-nh ®Ã' sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh, nÕu nh­ nã diÃ"n ®¹t c¸c yÕu tè trªn.

Ex: There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking.

Ex: It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court

4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr­êng hîp kh¸c

 Nã dïng ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t mét ­íc muèn hoÆc mét lêi nguyÃ'n rña th­êng bao hµm c¸c thÕ lùc siªu nhiªn.

God be with you = Good bye.

Curse this toad: ChÕt tiÃ-t c¸i con cãc nµy.

 Dïng víi ®éng tõ May trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÃ-t sau:

• Come what may = Dï thÕ nµo ch¨ng n÷a, dï bÊt cø truyÃ-n gÃ-.

Ex: Come what may we will stand by you.

• May as well not do sth .... if .... = Cã thÃ" ®õng..... nÕu kh«ng.

Ex: You may as well not come if you can't be on time: C¸c anh cã thÃ" ®õng ®Õn nÕu kh«ng ®Õn ®­îc ®óng giê.

• May/Might (just) as well do smt = Ch¼ng mÊt gÃ- mµ l¹i kh«ng, mÊt gÃ- cña bä.

Ex: Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have it: VÃ- kh«ng ai thÃch viÃ-c nµy, mÃ-nh ch¼ng mÊt gÃ- mµ l¹i kh«ng cho h¾n ta lµm nã

• May diÃ"n ®¹t mét gi¶ ®Þnh trong lêi ®Ã' nghÞ mµ ng­êi nãi cho r»ng ch­a ch¾c nã ®• ®­îc thùc hiÃ-n:

Ex: The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on the grass.

(kh«ng dïng should trong tr­êng hîp nµy).

linkverb + adj

• May + S + = CÇu chóc cho.

verb + complement

Ex: May you both very happy: Chóc c¸c b¹n b¸ch niªn giai l•o.

Ex: May the conference be successful: Chóc héi nghÞ thµnh c«ng rùc rì.

Ex: Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune: CÇu chóc cho nµng sèng l©u h­ëng trän vÃ'n vËn may cña nµng.

• If need be = If necessary = NÕu cÇn

Ex: If need be, we can take another road.

• Dïng víi ®éng tõ to be, bá to sau if ®Ã" chØ mét sù gi¶ ®Þnh ch­a ®­îc ph©n ®Þnh râ rµng lµ ®óng hay sai.

Ex: If that be all right, then it would be no defence for this man to say he's innocent.

Ex: If that be error and upon me proved: NÕu ®ã qu¶ lµ lçi vµ cø nhÊt ®Þnh g¸n cho t«i.

• Let it be me: Gi¶ sö ®ã lµ t«i, gi¸ ph¶i tay t«i.

Ex: Husband: Let it be me.

Wife (suddenly appearing) : If that be you, what would you do.

• Be that as it may... = whether that is true or not... = Cho dï lµ ph¶i thÕ hay kh«ng.

Ex: Be that as it may, you have to accept it.

• Then so be it: Cø ph¶i vËy th«i.

Ex: If we have to pay $2,000, then so be it (thÃ- cø ph¶i tr¶ th«i)

5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time

 It's time (for sb) to do smt: ®• ®Õn lóc ai ph¶i lµm gÃ- (Thêi gian võa vÆn kh«ng mang tÃnh gi¶ ®Þnh).

Ex: It's time for me to get to the airport: §• ®Õn lóc t«i ph¶i ra s©n bay.

 It's time

hightime + S + simple past = ®• ®Õn lóc mµ (thêi gian ®• trÃ" mang tÃnh

about time gi¶ ®Þnh)

Ex: It's time I got to the airport

Ex: It's hightime the city government did smt to stop the traffic jam.

Lèi nãi bao hµm

 §ã lµ lèi nãi gép hai ý trong c©u lµ mét th«ng qua mét sè c¸c thµnh ng÷.

1. Not only ..... but also

 C¸c thùc thÃ" ë ®»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi nhau vÃ' mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (N - N, adj - adj).

Ex: Robert is not only talented but also handsome.

Ex: He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

 Thµnh phÇn sau but also th­êng quyÕt ®Þnh thµnh phÇn sau not only.

Ex: Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland.

Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland.

2. As well as: Còng nh­

 C¸c thµnh phÇn ®»ng tr­íc vµ ®»ng sau thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi nhau vÃ' mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

Ex: Robert is talented as well as handsome.

Ex: He writes correctly as well as neatly.

Ex: Paul plays the piano as well as composes music.

 Kh«ng ®­îc nhÇm thµnh ng÷ nµy víi as well as cña hiÃ-n t­îng ®ång chñ ng÷ mang nghÃœa cïng víi.

Ex: The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.

Ex: My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.

3. Both ..... and

 C«ng thøc dïng gièng hÃ-t nh­ Not only .... but also.

 Both chØ ®­îc dïng víi and, kh«ng ®­îc dïng víi as well as.

Ex: Robert is both talented and handsome.

Ex: Paul both plays the piano and composes music.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to know, to know how.

Ex: Bill know how to play tennis well.

Ex: Jason knew the answer to the teacher's question.

Ex: I didn't know that you were going to France.

 §»ng sau to know how còng cã thÃ" dïng mét c©u ®Ã" diÃ"n ®¹t kh¶ n¨ng hoÆc sù b¾t buéc.

Ex: At a glance, she knew how she could solve this math problem.

MÃ-nh ®Ã' nh­îng bé

 §ã lµ lo¹i mÃ-nh ®Ã' diÃ"n ®¹t hai ý tr¸i ng­îc trong cïng mét c©u.

1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp

 §»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i dïng mét ng÷ danh tõ, kh«ng ®­îc dïng mét c©u hoµn chØnh.

Ex: Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

Ex: Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.

2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu

 §»ng sau 3 thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i dïng mét c©u hoµn chØnh, kh«ng ®­îc dïng mét ng÷ danh tõ.

Ex: Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

 Tuy nhiªn nÕu though ®øng cuèi c©u t¸ch biÃ-t khái c©u chÃnh bëi dÊu phÈy. Khi nãi h¬i dõng l¹i mét chót, lóc ®ã nã mang nghÃœa tuy nhiªn (= However).

Ex: He promised to call me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a thÃ- ....

Ex: However strong you are, you can't move this rock.

4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier

Ex: Her appointment was a significant, althought/ albeit temporary success. (ViÃ-c bµ Êy ®­îc bæ nhiÃ-m lµ mét thµnh c«ng quan träng ®Êy, nh­ng dÉu sao còng chØ lµ nhÊt thêi)

Ex: Her performed the task well, althought/ albeit slowly (Anh ta thùc hiÃ-n nhiÃ-m vÃ' ®ã tèt ®Êy, tuy r»ng chËm).

Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn

 Nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau rÊt dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn vÃ' mÆt ng÷ nghÃœa, chÃnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t ©m.

Néi ®éng tõ

lie

lay

sat risen

lain

sat rising

lying

Ngo¹i ®éng tõ

raise

lay

set raised

laid

set raised

laid

set raising

laying

 To rise : D©ng lªn.

Ex: The sun rises early in the summer.

 To raise smt/sb: N©ng ai, c¸i gÃ- lªn.

Ex: The students raise their hands in class.

 To lie: N»m, ë, t¹i.

To lie in: ë t¹i

To lie down: n»m xuèng.

To lie on: n»m trªn.

Ex: The university lies in the western section of town.

Ex: Don't disturb Mary, she has laid down for a rest.

*L­u ý: CÇn ph©n biÃ-t ®éng tõ nµy víi ®éng tõ to lie (nãi dèi) trong mÉu c©u to lie to sb about smt (nãi dèi ai vÃ' c¸i gÃ-):

Ex: He is lying to you about the test.

 To lay: ®Æt, ®Ã"

To lay on: ®Æt trªn

To lay in: ®Æt vµo

To lay down: ®Æt xuèng.

Ex: Don't lay your clothes on the bed.

*L­u ý 1: Thêi hiÃ-n t¹i cña ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÃ" ng©y nhÇm lÉn víi qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ to lie. CÇn ph¶i ph©n biÃ-t b»ng ng÷ c¶nh cÃ' thÃ".

 To sit

To sit in: ngåi t¹i, ngåi trong.

To sit on: ngåi trªn (®• ngåi s½n).

 To set = to put, to lay: ®Æt, ®Ã".

L­u ý: Ph¸t ©m hiÃ-n t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÃ" lÉn víi Simple past cña to sit.

Mét sè c¸c thµnh ng÷ dïng víi ®éng tõ trªn:

ï¶ to set the table for: bÇy bµn ®Ã".

Ex: My mother has set the table for the family dinner.

ï¶ to lay off (workers. employees): cho th«i viÃ-c, gi•n thî.

Ex: The company had to lay off twenty-five employees because of a production slowdown.

ï¶ to set (broken bone) in: bã nh÷ng c¸i x­¬ng gÉy vµo.

Ex: Dr.Jacobs has set many broken bones in plaster casts.

ï¶ to set one's alarm for: §Æt ®ång hÃ¥ b¸o thøc vµo lóc.

Ex: John set his alarm for six o'clock.

ï¶ to set fire to: lµm ch¸y

Ex: While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa.

ï¶ to raise (animals, plants) for a living: trÃ¥ng c¸i gÃ-, nu«i con gÃ- b¸n ®Ã" lÊy tiÃ'n.

Ex: That farmer raises chickens for a living.

Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÃ-t kh¸c

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ gièng hÃ-t nhau vÃ' mÆt hÃ-nh thøc nh­ng kh¸c nhau vÃ' mÆt ng÷ nghÃœa nÕu ë trong c¸c mÉu c©u kh¸c nhau.

 agree to do smt: ®ång ý lµm gÃ-

Ex: He agreed to leave early tomorrow morning.

 agree to one's doing smt: ®ång ý víi viÃ-c ai lµm gÃ-.

Ex: He agreed to my leaving early tomorrow morning.

 Mean to do smt: ®Þnh lµm gÃ-.

Ex: I mean to get to the top of the hill before sunrise.

 If it + mean + verb-ing: cho dï c¶ viÃ-c, bao hµm c¶ viÃ-c.

Ex: My neighbour was determined to get a ticket for Saturday's game if it meant standing in line all night.

 Propose to do smt: cã ý ®Þnh lµm gÃ-.

Ex: I propose to start tomorrow.

 Propose doing smt: §Ã' nghÞ lµm gÃ-

Ex: I propose waiting till the police came.

 Go on doing smt/smt: tiÕp tÃ'c lµm gÃ-, c¸i gÃ- (mét viÃ-c ®ang bÞ bá dë)

Ex: He went on writing after a break

 Go on to do smt: Quay sang tiÕp tÃ'c lµm gÃ- (vÉn vÃ' cïng mét vÊn ®Ã' nh­ng chuyÃ"n sang khÃa c¹nh kh¸c)

Ex: He showed the island on the map then went on to tell about its climate.

 Try to do smt: cè g¾ng lµm gÃ-

Ex: He try to solve this math problem.

 Try doing smt: Thö lµm gÃ-

Ex: I try sending her flowers, writing her letter, giving her presents, but she still wouldn’t speak to me.

Sù phï hîp vÃ' thêi ®éng tõ

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn cã liªn quan ®Õn nhau vÃ' mÆt thêi thÃ- thêi cña ®éng tõ ë hai thµnh phÇn ®ã ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi nhau. Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh sà quyÕt ®Þnh thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ'.

Main clause Dependent clause

 Simple present  Present progressive

Hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh

 Simple present  Will/ Can/ May + Verb (hoÆc Near future)

Hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh trong mét t­¬ng lai kh«ng ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc t­¬ng lai gÇn.

 Simple present  Simple past

Hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh trong mét qu¸ khø ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cÃ' thÃ" vÃ' mÆt thêi gian.

 Simple present  Present perfect (progressive)

Hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh trong mét qu¸ khø kh«ng ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cÃ' thÃ" vÃ' mÆt thêi gian.

 Simple past  Past progressive/ Simple past

Hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh trong qu¸ khø.

 Simple past  Would/ Could/ Might + Verb

Hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh trong mét t­¬ng lai trong qu¸ khø.

 Simple past  Past perfect

Hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh, lïi s©u vÃ' trong qu¸ khø.

L­u ý: Nh÷ng nguyªn t¾c trªn ®©y chØ ®­îc ¸p dÃ'ng khi c¸c mÃ-nh ®Ã' trong c©u cã liªn hÃ- víi nhau vÃ' mÆt thêi gian nh­ng nÕu c¸c mÃ-nh ®Ã' trong c©u cã thêi gian riªng biÃ-t thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i tu©n theo thêi gian cña chÃnh mÃ-nh ®Ã' ®ã.

Ex: He promised to tell me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng to say, to tell

 NÕu sau chñ ng÷ kh«ng cã mét t©n ng÷ nµo mµ ®Õn liªn tõ that ngay thÃ- ph¶i dïng to say.

 Nh­ng nÕu sau chñ ng÷ cã mét t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp rÃ¥i míi ®Õn liªn tõ that thÃ- ph¶i dïng to tell.

Ex: He says that he will be busy tomorrow/ he tell me that....

 Sau to tell vÉn cã thÃ" cã mét sè t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp dï bÊt kÃ- hoµn c¶nh nµo.

Ex: The little boy was punished because he told his mother a lie.

§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng one vµ you

 C¶ hai ®¹i tõ nµy ®Ã'u mang nghÃœa ng­êi ta, tuy nhiªn ng÷ ph¸p sö dÃ'ng cã kh¸c nhau.

 NÕu ë trªn ®• sö dÃ'ng ®¹i tõ one thÃ- c¸c ®¹i tõ t­¬ng øng tiÕp theo ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' d­íi ph¶i lµ one, one's, he, his.

Ex: If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail.

If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail.

One should always do one's homework.

One should always do his homework.

 L­u ý mét sè ng­êi do cÈn thËn muèn tr¸nh ph©n biÃ-t nam/ n÷ ®• dïng he or she, his or her nh­ng ®iÃ'u ®ã lµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt. C¸c ®¹i tõ ®ã chØ ®­îc sö dÃ'ng khi nµo ë phÃa trªn cã nh÷ng danh tõ chØ chung chung nh­ the side, the party.

Ex: The judge will ask the defendant party (chØ chung chung) if he or she admits the allegations.

 NÕu ®¹i tõ ë trªn lµ you thÃ- c¸c ®¹i tõ t­¬ng øng tiÕp theo ë d­íi sà lµ you hoÆc your.

Ex: If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.

You should always do your homework.

 TuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng dïng lÉn one vµ you trong cïng mét c©u hoÆc dïng they thay thÕ cho hai ®¹i tõ nµy.

Tõ ®i tr­íc ®Ã" giíi thiÃ-u

 Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn, nÕu mét trong hai thµnh phÇn ®ã cã dïng ®Õn ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng thÃ- ë thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i ph¶i cã mét danh tõ ®Ã" giíi thiÃ-u cho ®¹i tõ ®ã .

 Danh tõ ®i giíi thiÃ-u ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng ®ã vÃ' mÆt gièng vµ sè.

Incorrect: Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load.

Correct: The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load.

Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the members of the admissions committee did not believe that he could handle the work load.

 ChØ cã mét danh tõ ®­îc phÃp giíi thiÃ-u cho ®¹i tõ, nÕu cã hai sà g©y nªn sù lÇm lÉn do trïng lÆp.

Incorrect: Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report.

Correct : According to Mr. Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report.

Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night.

C¸ch sö dÃ'ng c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ'

 Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã chung mét chñ ng÷ bao gÃ¥m 2 thµnh phÇn: MÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' cã thÃ" më ®Çu b»ng mét V-ing (chiÕm ®a sè) - mét ph©n tõ hai (nÕu mang nghÃœa bÞ ®éng) - mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" (nÕu chØ mÃ'c ®Ãch) vµ mét ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc mét ng÷ giíi tõ nÕu chØ sù t­¬ng øng.

 Khi sö dÃ'ng lo¹i c©u nµy cÇn hÕt søc l­u ý r»ng chñ ng÷ cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ'.

 Th«ng th­êng cã 6 giíi tõ ®øng tr­íc mét V-ing më ®Çu cho mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ', ®ã lµ: By (b»ng c¸ch, bëi), upon, after (sau khi), before (tr­íc khi), while (trong khi), when (khi).

Ex: By working a ten-hour day for four days, we can have a long weekend.

 L­u ý r»ng: on + ®éng tõ tr¹ng th¸i hoÆc in + ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng thÃ- cã thÃ" t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi when hoÆc while.:

Ex: On finding (= when finding) the door ajar, I aroused suspicion.

(Khi thÊy cöa hà më, t«i n¶y sinh mèi nghi ngê)

Ex: In searching (=while searching) for underground deposits of oil, geologist often rely on magnometers.

(Trong khi tÃ-m c¸c má dÇu trong lßng ®Êt, c¸c nhµ ®Þa chÊt th­êng dùa vµo tõ kÕ.)

 Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' ph¶i do thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh quyÕt ®Þnh, 2 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cung lóc:

• Present:

Ex: Practing her swing every day, Trica hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.

• Past:

Ex: While reviewing for the test, Maria realized that she has forgotten to study the use of particle phrases.

• Future:

Ex: After preparing the dinner, Michelle will read a book.

 NÕu being vµ having më ®Çu c©u phÃ' thÃ- ®»ng tr­íc chóng Èn giíi tõ because.

Ex: Being a good student, he can always pass his exam easily. (= Because he is...)

Ex: Having a terrible toothache, Phillip called the dentist far an appointment. (= Because he had a...).

 §éng tõ nguyªn thÃ" chØ mÃ'c ®Ãch ë ®Çu c©u phÃ'

Ex: Incorrect: To prevent cavities, dental floss should be used daily after brushing one's teeth.

ï‚®Correct: To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss daily after brushing teeth.

 Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' chØ sù t­¬ng øng

Ex: Incorrect: A competitive sports, gymnasts must perform before a panel of judges who use their knowledge of rules and skill to determine which participant will win.

ï‚®Correct: In a gymnastic competitive sports game, gymnasts must ......

 Ph©n tõ hai më ®Çu mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' chØ bÞ ®éng:

Ex: Incorrect: Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, some archeologists estimated that the three - million - year - old fossils were the oldest human remains that were discovered.

ï‚®Correct: Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, the three - million - year - old fossils were estimated by some archeologists to be the oldest human remains that had ever been discovered.

 L­u ý: CÊu tróc nµy cßn ¸p dÃ'ng cho c¶ c¸c mÉu c©u cã mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' më ®Çu b»ng: Although + Adj/ P2.

Ex: Although (he was) nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.

Ex: Although (it had been) damaged, the machine was still functioning.

 HoÆc cã thÃ" dïng when + P2 më ®Çu mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ':

Ex: When (it is) shown through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.

 NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh lÉn mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' ®Ã'u x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø mµ hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' lïi s©u h¬n n÷a vµo trong qu¸ khø thÃ- c«ng thøc sà lµ:

 §»ng tr­íc having cßn Èn chøa 2 giíi tõ lµ because vµ after, viÃ-c hiÃ"u 2 giíi tõ nµy phÃ' thuéc vµo ng÷ c¶nh cña c©u.

 §Æc biÃ-t l­u ý r»ng: cÊu tróc nµy cßn cã thÃ" ¸p dÃ'ng cho c¶ mÉu c©u mµ c¶ 2 thêi cña ®éng tõ sà diÃ"n biÕn ë present perfect-simple present. (tuy r»ng rÊt hiÕm)

Ex: Having seen the children’s work, Miss Adams approves their request to go home.

(= After she has seen..., Miss Adams approves...)

 NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ' x¶y ra ë thêi bÞ ®éng thÃ- c«ng thøc sà lµ:

 Ph¶i hÕt søc l­u ý r»ng: ®iÃ'u quan träng nhÊt trong viÃ-c sö dÃ'ng 2 mÉu c©u trªn vÉn ph¶i lµ: chñ ng÷ cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' phÃ'.

Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÃnh tõ

1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®­îc dïng lµm tÃnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n sau:

 §øng ngay tr­íc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.

 Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÃ" chñ ®éng.

 Hµnh ®éng ®ã ®ang ë thÃ" tiÕp diÃ"n.

 §éng tõ ®­îc sö dÃ'ng lµm tÃnh tõ ph¶i kh«ng ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ nµo (néi ®éng tõ).

Ex: The crying baby woke Mr.Binion. ( The baby was crying)

Ex: The blooming flowers in the meadow created a rainbow of colors. (The flowers were blooming)

2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®­îc dïng lµm tÃnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n sau:

 §øng ngay tr­íc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.

 Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÃ" bÞ ®éng.

 Hµnh ®éng ®ã x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÃ-nh ®Ã' chÃnh.

Ex: The sorted mail was delivered to the offices before noon. (The mail had been sorted).

L­u ý: Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ nh­ to interest, to bore, to excite, to frighten khi sö dÃ'ng ph¶i rÊt cÈn thËnvÃ' viÃ-c nh÷ng ph©n tõ ®­îc dïng lµm tÃnh tõ xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy mang nghÃœa chñ ®éng hay bÞ ®éng.

Ex: The boring professor put the students to sleep.

The boring lecture put the students to sleep.

The bored students went to sleep during the boring lecture.

C©u thõa

 Khi th«ng tin trong c©u bÞ lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i d­íi d¹ng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt thÃ- nã bÞ gäi lµ c©u thõa, cÇn ph¶i lo¹i bá phÇn thõa ®ã.(Page 219)

 Ng­êi Anh kh«ng dïng the reason .... because mµ dïng the reason ... that.

Ex: The reason I take this course that it's necessary for me.

 Ng­êi Anh kh«ng dïng the time when mµ chØ dïng mét trong hai.

Ex: It is the time/ when I got home.

 Ng­êi Anh kh«ng dïng place where mµ chØ dïng mét trong hai.

Ex: It is the place/ where I was born.

CÊu tróc c©u song song

 Khi th«ng tin trong mét c©u ®­îc ®­a ra d­íi d¹ng hµng lo¹t thÃ- c¸c thµnh phÇn ®­îc liÃ-t kª ph¶i song song víi nhau vÃ' mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (Noun - noun, adj - adj).

 Th«ng th­êng thÃ- thµnh phÇn ®Çu tiªn sau ®éng tõ sà quyÕt ®Þnh c¸c thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i

Not parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and he teaches.

noun noun clause

Parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and a teacher.

noun noun noun

L­u ý: Tuy nhiªn nÕu thêi gian trong c©u lµ kh¸c nhau thÃ- ®éng tõ còng ph¶i tu©n theo qui luËt thêi gian. Lóc ®ã cÊu tróc c©u song song kh«ng tÃ¥n t¹i

Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp

1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp

 Trong c©u trùc tiÕp th«ng tin ®i tõ ng­êi thø nhÊt ®Õn th¼ng ng­êi thø hai.

Ex: He said "I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday"

 Trong c©u gi¸n tiÕp th«ng tin ®i tõ ng­êi thø nhÊt qua ng­êi thø hai ®Õn víi ng­êi thø ba. Khi ®ã c©u cã biÕn ®æi vÃ' mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

Ex: He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before.

 §Ã" biÕn ®æi mét c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp cÇn:

ï¶ Â§Ã¦i chñ ng÷ vµ c¸c ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng kh¸c trong c©u trùc tiÕp theo chñ ng÷ cña thµnh phÇn thø nhÊt.

ï¶ Lïi ®éng tõ ë vÕ thø 2 xuèng mét cÊp so víi vÕ ban ®Çu.

ï¶ BiÕn ®æi c¸c ®¹i tõ chØ thÞ, phã tõ chØ thêi gian vµ ®Þa ®iÃ"m theo b¶ng qui ®Þnh.

B¶ng ®æi ®éng tõ

Direct speech

Indirect speech

Simple present

Present progressive

Present perfect (Progressive)

Simple past

Will/Shall

Can/May Simple past

Past progressive

Past perfect (Progressive)

Past perfect

Would/ Should

Could/ Might

B¶ng ®æi c¸c ®¹i tõ chØ thÞ, phã tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÃ"m vµ thêi gian

Today

Yesterday

The day before yesterday

Tomorrow

The day after tomorrow

Next + Time

Last + Time

Time + ago

This, these

Here, Overhere That day

The day before

Two days before

The next/ the following day

In two days' time

The following + Time

The previous + Time

Time + before

That, those

There, Overthere

 NÕu lêi nãi vµ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra cïng ngµy thÃ- kh«ng cÇn ph¶i ®æi thêi gian.

Ex: At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today"

At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.

 C¸c suy luËn logic vÃ' mÆt thêi gian tÊt nhiªn lµ cÇn thiÕt khi lêi nãi ®­îc thuËt l¹i sau ®ã mét hoÆc hai ngµy.

Ex: (On Monday) He said " I'll be leaving on Wednesday "

(On Tuesday) He said he would be leaving tomorrow.

(On Wednesday) He said he would be leaving today.

§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp

 Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã hai lo¹i t©n ng÷ : 1 trùc tiÕp vµ 1 gi¸n tiÕp ®ång thêi còng cã hai c¸ch dïng:

 Lèi dïng gi¸n tiÕp: §Æt t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp sau ®éng tõ råi ®Õn t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp ®i sau hai giíi tõ for vµ to.

Ex: The director's secretary sent the manuscript to them last night.

 Lèi dïng trùc tiÕp: §Æt t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp sau ®éng tõ råi ®Õn t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp, hai giíi tõ to vµ for bÞ lo¹i bá.

Ex: The director's secretary sent them the manuscript last night.

Incorrect: The director's secretary sent to them the manuscript last night.

 Hai ®éng tõ to introduce vµ to mention ph¶i dïng c«ng thøc gi¸n tiÕp, kh«ng ®­îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc tiÕp.

to introduce smt/sb to sb

to mention smt to sb.

 NÕu c¶ hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ®Ã'u lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng thÃ- kh«ng ®­îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc tiÕp mµ ph¶i dïng c«ng thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex: Correct: They gave it to us.

Incorrect: They gave us it.

Sù ®¶o ng­îc phã tõ

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp c¸c phã tõ kh«ng ®øng ë vÞ trà bÃ-nh th­êng cña nã mµ ®¶o lªn ®øng ë ®Çu c©u nh»m nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña chñ ng÷.

 Trong tr­êng hîp ®ã ng÷ ph¸p sà thay ®æi, ®»ng sau phã tõ ®øng ®Çu c©u lµ trî ®éng tõ rÃ¥i míi ®Õn chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ chÃnh.

Ex: Never have so many people been unemployed as today.

adveb auxiliary subject verb

(So many people have never been unemployed as today)

1. Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÃ-t ®øng ë ®Çu c©u

 In/ Under no circumstances: Dï trong bÊt cø hoµn c¶nh nµo còng kh«ng.

Ex: Under no circumstances should you lend him the money.

 On no account: Dï bÊt cø lý do gÃ- còng kh«ng

Ex: On no accout must this switch be touched.

 Only in this way: ChØ b»ng c¸ch nµy

Ex: Only in this way could the problem be solved

 In no way: Kh«ng sao cã thÃ"

Ex: In no way could I agree with you.

 By no means: Hoµn toµn kh«ng

Ex: By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.

 Negative ..., nor + auxiliary + S + V

Ex: He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.

 Khi mét mÃ-nh ®Ã' më ®Çu b»ng c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc trËt tù thÃ- ®éng tõ chÃnh cã thÃ" ®¶o lªn chñ ng÷ nh­ng tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc sö dÃ'ng trî ®éng tõ trong tr­êng hîp nµy.

Ex: In front of the museum is a statue.

Ex: First came the ambulance, then came the police.

( Tho¹t ®Çu lµ xe cøu th­¬ng ch¹y ®Õn, tiÕp sau lµ c¶nh s¸t.)

 Khi mét ng÷ giíi tõ lµm phã tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÃ"m hoÆc ph­¬ng h­íng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, c¸c néi ®éng tõ ®Æt lªn tr­íc chñ ng÷ nh­ng tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc sö dÃ'ng trî ®éng tõ trong lo¹i c©u nµy. Nã rÊt phæ biÕn trong v¨n m« t¶ khi muèn diÃ"n ®¹t mét chñ ng÷ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh:

Ex: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest man I had ever seen.

Ex: Directly in front of them stood a great castle.

Ex: On the grass sat an enormous frog.

Ex: Along the road came a strange procession.

 TÃnh tõ còng cã thÃ" ®¶o lªn trªn ®Çu c©u ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh vµ sau ®ã lµ ®éng tõ nèi nh­ng tuyÃ-t ®èi kh«ng ®­îc sö dÃ'ng trî ®éng tõ.

Ex: So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and gave music lesson for her tuition fees.

 Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta còng cã thÃ" ®¶o toµn bé ®éng tõ chÃnh lªn trªn chñ ng÷ ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh, nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®­îc ®¶o lªn trªn trong tr­êng hîp nµy phÇn lín ®Ã'u mang s¾c th¸i bÞ ®éng nh­ng hoµn toµn kh«ng cã nghÃœa bÞ ®éng.

Ex: Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as many medicinal practices.

(Tuy nhiªn nh÷ng bà mËt .... ®• mÊt ®i vÃœnh viÃ"n kh«ng bao giê trë l¹i.)

 C¸c phã tõ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... cã thÃ" theo sau lµ mét ®éng tõ chuyÃ"n ®éng vµ sau ®ã lµ mét danh tõ lµm chñ ng÷.

Ex: Away went the runners/ Down fell a dozen of apples...

Nh­ng nÕu mét ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng lµm chñ ng÷ thÃ- ®éng tõ ph¶i ®Ã" sau chñ ng÷:

Ex: Away they went/ Round and round it flew.

 Trong tiÕng Anh viÕt (written English) c¸c ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu b»ng c¸c giíi tõ down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up... cã thÃ" ®­îc theo sau ngay bëi ®éng tõ chØ vÞ trà (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand...) hoÆc c¸c d¹ng ®éng tõ chØ chuyÃ"n ®éng, c¸c ®éng tõ nh­ be born/ die/ live vµ mét sè d¹ng ®éng tõ kh¸c.

Ex: From the rafters hung strings of onions.

Ex: In the doorway stood a man with a gun.

Ex: On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.

Ex: Over the wall came a shower of stones.

*L­u ý: 3 và dÃ' ®Çu cña c¸c và dÃ' trªn cã thÃ" diÃ"n ®¹t b»ng mét VERB-ING më ®Çu cho c©u vµ ®éng tõ BE ®¶o lªn trªn chñ ng÷:

Ex: Hanging from the rafters were strings of onions.

Ex: Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.

Ex: Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.

 HiÃ-n t­îng nµy cßn x¶y ra khi chñ ng÷ sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh as/than qu¸ dµi:

Ex: She was very religious, as were most of her friends.

Ex: City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.

 T©n ng÷ mang tÃnh nhÊn m¹nh còng cã thÃ" ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u:

Ex: Not a single word did he say.

 Here/There hoÆc mét sè c¸c phã tõ ®i kÕt hîp víi ®éng tõ ®øng ®Çu c©u còng ph¶i ®¶o ®éng tõ lªn trªn chñ ng÷ lµ mét danh tõ, nh­ng nÕu chñ ng÷ lµ mét ®¹i tõ thÃ- kh«ng ®­îc ®¶o ®éng tõ:

Ex: Here comes Freddy.

Incorrect: Here comes he

Ex: Off we go

Incorrect: Off go we

Ex: There goes your brother

Ex: I stopped the car , and up walked a policeman .

C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p

Mét trong sè hai bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL ®­îc cho d­íi d¹ng mét c©u cho s½n, cßn ®Ã" trèng mét phÇn vµ d­íi ®ã lµ 4 c©u ®Ã" ®iÃ'n vµo. Trong 4 c©u chØ cã mét c©u ®óng. §Ã" gi¶i quyÕt ®­îc c©u ®óng ph¶i theo lÇn l­ît c¸c b­íc sau:

1. KiÃ"m tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gÃ¥m

a) Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ vÞ ng÷

b) C¸ch sö dÃ'ng Adj vµ Adv

c) VÞ trà cña c¸c Adv theo thø tù lÇn l­ît: chØ ph­¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng - ®Þa ®iÃ"m - thêi gian - ph­¬ng tiÃ-n hµnh ®éng - tÃ-nh huèng hµnh ®éng.

d) Sù phèi hîp gi÷a c¸c thêi ®éng tõ.

e) Xem xÃt viÃ-c sö dÃ'ng hîp lý c¸c ®¹i tõ trong c©u.

f) CÊu tróc c©u song song.

2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÃnh r­êm rµ:

a) Lo¹i bá c©u tr¶ lêi bao gÃ¥m mét thµnh ng÷ dµi, tuy kh«ng sai nh­ng cã mét tõ ng¾n h¬n ®Ã" thay thÕ.

*L­u ý: Nh­ng ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn vÃ- mét sè c¸c Adj tËn cïng b¨ng ®u«i ly kh«ng thÃ" cÊu t¹o phã tõ b»ng ®u«i ly. Phã tõ cña nh÷ng Adj nµy lµ in a Adj-ly + manner/way.

Ex: He behaves me in a friendly way/ manner

 Ph¶i cÈn thËn khi dïng fresh

ï¶ in a fresh manner = mét c¸ch t­¬i.

Ex: This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh manner

ï¶ freshly + PII = võa míi

Ex: freshly-picked fruit

= qu¶ võa míi h¸i

Ex: freshly-laid eggs

= trøng gµ võa míi ®Î

b) Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng tõ thõa trong c©u thõa

Ex: Cause a result => thõa a result

3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®­îc chän ®Ã'u ph¶i phóc vÃ' cho nghÃœa cña bµi, ®Æc biÃ-t lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ.

4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®­îc phÃp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui chuÈn

Ex: A bunch of flowers.(Kh«ng ®­îc).

Nh÷ng tõ dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn

§ã lµ nh÷ng tõ rÊt dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn vÃ' mÆt ng÷ nghÃœa, chÃnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t ©m, cÇn ph¶i ph©n biÃ-t râ chóng b»ng ng÷ c¶nh.

• site (V) trÃch dÉn

• site (N) khu ®Êt ®Ã" x©y dùng.

• sight (N) khe ng¾m, tÇm ng¾m.

(V) quang c¶nh, c¶nh t­îng.

(V) quan s¸t, nhÃ-n thÊy

• dessert (N) mãn tr¸ng miÃ-ng

• desert (N) sa m¹c

• desert (V) bá, bá mÆc, ®µo ngò

• later sau ®ã, rÃ¥i thÃ- (th­êng dïng víi ®éng tõ thêi t­¬ng lai)

• the latter c¸i thø 2, ng­êi thø 2, c¸i sau, ng­êi sau. >< the former = c¸i tr­íc, ng­êi tr­íc.

• principal (N) hiÃ-u tr­ëng (tr­êng phæ th«ng)

(Adj) chÃnh, chñ yÕu.

• principle (N) nguyªn t¾c, luËt lÃ-

• affect (V) t¸c ®éng ®Õn

• effect (N) ¶nh h­ëng, hiÃ-u qu¶

(V) thùc hiÃ-n, ®em l¹i

• already (Adv) ®•

• all ready tÊt c¶ ®• s½n sµng.

• among (Prep) trong sè (dïng cho 3 ng­êi, 3 vËt trë lªn)

• between...and gi÷a...vµ (chØ dïng cho 2 ng­êi/vËt)

*L­u ý: between...and còng cßn ®­îc dïng ®Ã" chØ vÞ trà chÃnh x¸c cña mét quèc gia n»m gi÷a nh÷ng quèc gia kh¸c cho dï lµ > 2

Ex: Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia.

 Among = one of/some of/included in (mét trong sè/ mét sè trong/ kÃ" c¶, bao gÃ¥m).

Ex: Among the first to arrive was the ambassador.

(Trong sè nh÷ng ng­êi ®Õn ®Çu tiªn cã ngµi ®¹i sø).

Ex: He has a number of criminals among his friends.

(Trong sè nh÷ng b¹n bÃŒ cña mÃ-nh, anh ta cã quen mét sè téi ph¹m).

 Between cßn ®­îc dïng cho c¸c qu•ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c vËt vµ c¸c giíi h¹n vÃ' mÆt thêi gian.

Ex: We need 2 meters between the windows.

Ex: I will be at the office between 9 and 11.

 Dïng between khi muèn ®Ã' cËp ®ªn 2 vËt hoÆc 2 nhãm vËt ë vÃ' 2 phÃa.

Ex: A little valley between high mountains.

Ex: I saw something between the wheels of the car.

 Different + between (not among)

Ex: What are the differences between crows, rooks, and jackdaws.

 Between each + noun (-and the next) (more formal)

Ex: We need 2 meters between each window.

Ex: There seems to be less and less time between each birthday (and the next).

(Thêi gian ngµy cµng ng¾n l¹i gi÷a 2 lÇn sinh nhËt.)

 Devide + between (not among)

Ex: He devided his money between his wife, his daughter, and his sister.

 Share + between/among

Ex: He shared the food between/among all my friend.

• consecutive (Adj) liªn tÃ'c (kh«ng cã tÃnh ®øt qu•ng)

• successive (Adj) liªn tÃ'c (cã tÃnh c¸ch qu•ng)

• emigrant (N) ng­êi di c­,

(V) -> emigrate from

• immigrant (N) ng­êi nhËp c­

(V) immigrate into

• formerly (Adv) tr­íc kia

• formally (Adv) chØnh tÃ' (¨n mÆc)

(Adv) chÃnh thøc

• historic (Adj) næi tiÕng, quan träng trong lÞch sö

(Adj) mang tÃnh lÞch sö.

Ex: historic times

• historical (Adj) thuéc vÃ' lÞch sö

Ex: Historical reseach, historical magazine

(Adj) cã thËt trong lÞch sö

Ex: Historical people, historical events

• hepless (Adj) v« väng, tuyÃ-t väng

• useless (Adj) v« dÃ'ng

• imaginary = (Adj) kh«ng cã thËt, t­ëng t­îng

• imaginative = (Adj) phong phó, bay bæng vÃ' trà t­ëng t­îng

PhÃ' lÃ'c: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÃ" g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c:

 Classic (adj)

• chÊt l­îng cao: a classic novel (mét cuèn tiÃ"u thuyÕt hay); a classic football match (mét trËn bãng ®¸ hay).

• ®Æc thï/®Æc tr­ng/tiªu biÃ"u: a classic example (mét và dÃ' tiªu biÃ"u, ®iÃ"n hÃ-nh).

 Classic (noun): v¨n nghÃ- sÃœ, t¸c phÈm l­u danh.

Ex: This novel may well become a classic

(T¸c phÈm nµy cã thÃ" ®­îc l­u danh).

 Classics: v¨n häc vµ ng«n ng÷ cæ Hy-La.

 Classical: cæ ®iÃ"n, kinh ®iÃ"n.

 Politic: nhËn thøc ®óng/ kh«n ngoan/ trang träng.

Ex: I don’t think it would be politic to ask for loan just now.

(T«i cho r»ng sà kh«ng lµ kh«n ngoan nÕu hái vay mét kho¶n ngay lóc nµy.)

 Political: thuéc vÃ' chÃnh trÞ.

Ex: A political career

(mét sù nghiÃ-p chÃnh trÞ).

 Continual: liªn tÃ'c lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i (hµnh ®éng cã tÃnh c¸ch qu•ng)

Ex: Please stop your continual questions

(Xin h•y th«i hái lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i m•i nh­ thÕ).

 Continous: liªn miªn/suèt (hµnh ®éng kh«ng cã tÃnh c¸ch qu•ng)

Ex: A continous flow of traffic

(Dßng xe cé ch¹y liªn miªn bÊt tËn).

 As (liªn tõ) = Nh­ + Subject + verb.

Ex: When in Roma, do as Romans do

(NhËp gia tïy tÃ'c).

 Like (tÃnh tõ dïng nh­ mét giíi tõ) + noun/noun phrase

Ex: He fought like a mad man

(Anh ta chiÕn ®Êu nh­ ®iªn nh­ d¹i).

 Alike (adj.): gièng nhau, t­¬ng tù

Ex: Although they are brother, they don’t look alike.

 Alike (adverb): nh­ nhau

Ex: The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.

 As: nh­/ víi t­ c¸ch lµ (dïng trong so s¸nh khi b¶n th©n chñ ng÷ cã chøc n¨ng nh­ vËt/ng­êi ®­îc so s¸nh)

Ex: Let me speak to you as a father

(H•y ®Ã" t«i nãi víi cËu nh­ mét ng­êi cha)

 Like: nh­ lµ (dïng trong so s¸nh khi b¶n th©n chñ ng÷ vµ c¸i/ng­êi so s¸nh kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét hoÆc kh«ng cã chøc n¨ng ®ång nhÊt)

Ex: Let me speak to you like a man above

(H•y ®Ã" t«i nãi víi anh nh­ mét ng­êi bÃ' trªn).

 Before: tr­íc ®©y/tr­íc ®ã (dïng khi so s¸nh mét thø víi tÊt c¶ c¸c thø kh¸c cïng lo¹i)

Ex: She has never seen such a beautiful picture before

(C« ta ch­a bao giê nhÃ-n thÊy mét bøc tranh ®Ã'p nh­ thÕ tr­íc ®©y).

 Before: Tr­íc (chØ mét sù viÃ-c x¶y ra tr­íc mét sù viÃ-c kh¸c trong qu¸ khø, th­êng dïng víi Past Perfect)

Ex: He lived in France in 1912, he had lived in England 4 years before.

 Ago: tr­íc (tÃnh tõ hiÃ-n t¹i trë ng­îc vÃ' qu¸ khø, th­êng dïng víi Simple Past)

Ex: I went to England 3 years ago.

 Certain: ch¾c ch¾n (biÕt sù thùc)

Ex: Certainly/ I’m certain that he didn’t steal it

(T«i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng h¾n ta kh«ng lÊy c¸i ®ã).

 Sure: tin r»ng (kh«ng biÕt ch¾c, nãi theo c¶m nhËn, nghÜa lµ yÕu h¬n certain)

Ex: Surely/ I am sure that he did not steal it

(T«i tin r»ng h¾n kh«ng lÊy thø ®ã).

 Indeed:

• Very+indeed (sau mét tÃnh tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ)

Ex: Thank you very much indeed.

Ex: I was very pleased indeed to hear from you.

• Indeed dïng sau to be hoÆc mét trî ®éng tõ nh»m x¸c nhËn hoÆc nhÊn m¹nh cho sù ®ång ý (th­êng dïng trong c©u tr¶ lêi ng¾n).

Ex: It is cold / - It is indeed.

Ex: Henny made a fool of himself / - He did indeed.

 Ill (British English) = Sick (American English) = èm

Ex: George didn’t come in last week because he was ill (=he was sick)

• Sick + Noun = èm yÕu/ bÃ-nh tËt

Ex: He spent 20 years looking after his sick father

(Ng­êi cha bÃ-nh tËt)

• Be sick = Fell sick = N«n/ buån n«n/ say (tµu, xe...)

Ex: I was sick 3 times in the night

(t«i n«n 3 lÇn trong ®ªm)

Ex: I feel sick. Where’s the bath room?

(t«i thÊy buån n«n, phßng t¾m ë ®©u?)

Ex: She is never sea-sick

(C« Êy ch¼ng bao giê say sãng c¶)

 Welcome (adjective) = ®­îc mong ®îi/ ®­îc chê ®îi tõ l©u/ thó vÞ

Ex: A welcome guest

(Kh¸ch quÃ/ kh¸ch bÊy l©u mong ®îi)

Ex: A welcome gift

(Mãn quµ thó vÞ ®­îc chê ®îi tõ l©u)

 Welcome to + noun = Cã quyÃ'n, ®­îc phÃp sö dÃ'ng.

Ex: You are welcome to any book in my library

(Anh cã quyÃ'n lÊy bÊt kú quyÃ"n s¸ch nµo trong th­ viÃ-n cña t«i)

 Welcoming (ph©n tõ 1 cÊu t¹o tõ ®éng tõ welcome dïng lµm tÃnh tõ)

• Chµo ®ãn/ ®ãn tiÕp ©n cÇn

Ex: This country have given me a welcoming feeling.

(Xø së nµy ®• dµnh cho t«i mét tÃ-nh c¶m chµo ®ãn ©n cÇn)

• Hoan nghªnh/ T¸n ®ång (ý kiÕn)

Ex: To show a welcoming idea

(Béc lé mét ý kiÕn t¸n ®ång)

 Be certain/ sure of + verb-ing: ch¾c ch¾n lµ (®Ã' cËp ®Õn tÃ-nh c¶m cña ng­êi ®ang ®­îc nãi ®Õn)

Ex: Before the game she feft certain of wining, but after a few minutes she realized it wasn’t going to be easy.

Ex: You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right.

 Be certain/ sure + to + verb: ch¾c ch¾n sà ph¶i (®Ã' cËp ®Õn tÃ-nh c¶m cña chÃnh ng­êi nãi hoÆc viÕt c©u ®ã):

Ex: The repairs are certain to cost more than you think.

Ex: Elaine is sure to win-the other girl hasn’t got a chance.

 Be interested + to + verb: ThÊy thÃch khi...:

Ex: I’m interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to talk to whales.

(T«i thÊy thÃch/ thó vÞ khi...)

 Be interested in + verb-ing/ Be interested + to + verb:Muèn biÕt/ muèn ph¸t hiÃ-n ra/ muèn tÃ-m ra...:

Ex: I’m interested in finding out/ to find out what she did with all that money.

(T«i muèn biÕt c« ta ®• lµm gÃ- víi ngÇn Êy tiÃ'n).

 Be interested in + verb-ing: ThÊy thÃch/ thÃch/ muèn...

Ex: I’m interested in learning higher education in U.S.

Giíi tõ

1. During = trong suèt (ho¹t ®éng diÃ"n ra liªn tÃ'c)

2. From = tõ >< to = ®Õn

 From ... to ...= tõ ... ®Õn... (dïng cho thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn)

 From time to time = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng

3. Out of=ra khái><into=vµo trong

 Out of + noun = hÕt, kh«ng cßn

 Out of town = ®i v¾ng

 Out of date=cò, l¹c hËu >< up to date = míi, cËp nhËt

 Out of work = thÊt nghiÃ-p, mÊt viÃ-c

 Out of the question = kh«ng thÃ"

 Out of order = háng, kh«ng ho¹t ®éng

4. By

 ®éng tõ chØ chuyÃ"n ®éng + by = ®i ngang qua (walk by the library)

 ®éng tõ tÜnh + by = ë gÇn (your books are by the window)

 by + thêi gian cÃ' thÃ" = tr­íc lóc, cho ®Õn lóc (hµnh ®éng cho ®Õn lóc ®ã ph¶i x¶y ra)

 by + ph­¬ng tiÃ-n giao th«ng = ®i b»ng

 by then = cho ®Õn lóc ®ã (dïng cho c¶ QK vµ TL)

 by way of = theo ®­êng... = via

 by the way = mét c¸ch tÃ-nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn

 by the way = by the by = nh©n ®©y, nh©n tiÃ-n

 by far + so s¸nh (th­êng lµ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt)=>dïng ®Ã" nhÊn m¹nh

 by accident = by mistake = tÃ-nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn >< on purose

5. In = bªn trong

 In + month/year

 In time for = In good time for = §óng giê (th­êng kÞp lµm gÃ-, h¬i sím h¬n giê ®• ®Þnh mét chót)

 In the street = d­íi lßng ®­êng

 In the morning/ afternoon/ evening

 In the past/future = tr­íc kia, trong qu¸ khø/ trong t­¬ng lai

 In future = from now on = tõ nay trë ®i

 In the begining/ end = at first/ last = tho¹t ®Çu/ rèt cuéc

 In the way = ®ç ngang lèi, ch¾n lèi

 Once in a while = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng

 In no time at all = trong nh¸y m¾t, mét tho¸ng

 In the mean time = meanwhile = cïng lóc

 In the middle of (®Þa ®iÃ"m)= ë gi÷a

 In the army/ airforce/ navy

 In + the + STT + row = hµng thø...

 In the event that = trong tr­êng hîp mµ

 In case = ®Ã" phßng khi, ngé nhì

 Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = liªn l¹c, tiÕp xóc víi ai

6. On = trªn bÃ' mÆt:

 On + thø trong tuÇn/ ngµy trong th¸ng

 On + a/the + ph­¬ng tiÃ-n giao th«ng = trªn chuyÕn/ ®• lªn chuyÕn...

 On + phè = ®Þa chØ... (nh­ B.E : in + phè)

 On the + STT + foor = ë tÇng thø...

 On time = võa ®óng giê (bÊt chÊp ®iÃ'u kiÃ-n bªn ngoµi, nghÃœa m¹nh h¬n in time)

 On the corner of = ë gãc phè (gi÷a hai phè)

 Chó ý:

 In the corner = ë gãc trong

 At the corner = ë gãc ngoµi/ t¹i gãc phè

 On the sidewalk = pavement = trªn vØa hÌ

 Chó ý:

 On the pavement (A.E.)= trªn mÆt ®­êng nhùa (Don’t brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car)

 On the way to: trªn ®­êng ®Õn >< on the way back to: trªn ®­êng trë vÃ'

 On the right/left

 On T.V./ on the radio

 On the phone/ telephone = gäi ®iÃ-n tho¹i, nãi chuyÃ-n ®iÃ-n tho¹i

 On the phone = nhµ cã m¾c ®iÃ-n tho¹i (Are you on the phone?)

 On the whole= nãi chung, vÃ' ®¹i thÃ"

 On the other hand = tuy nhiªn= however

 Chó ý:

 On the one hand = mét mÆt thÃ- => on the other hand = mÆt kh¸c thÃ- (On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must combine it with listening comprehension)

 on sale = for sale = cã b¸n, ®Ã" b¸n

 on sale (A.E.)= b¸n h¹ gi¸ = at a discount (B.E)

 on foot = ®i bé

7. At = ë t¹i

 At + sè nhµ

 At + thêi gian cÃ' thÃ"

 At home/ school/ work

 At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = gi÷a tr­a (she was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late))

 At least = chà Ãt, tèi thiÃ"u >< at most = tèi ®a

 At once =ngay lËp tøc

 At present/ the moment = now

 Chó ý: 2 thµnh ng÷ trªn t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi presently nh­ng presently se kh¸c nhau vÃ' nghÃœa nÕu nã ®øng ë c¸c vÞ trà kh¸c nhau trong c©u:

 Sentence + presently (= soon): ngay tøc thÃ- ( She will be here presently/soon)

 Presently + sentence (= Afterward/ and then) : ngay sau ®ã (Presently, I heard her leave the room)

 S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment ( He is presently working toword his Ph.D. degree)

 At times = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng

 At first = tho¹t ®Çu >< at last = cuèi cïng

 At the begining of / at the end of... = ë ®Çu/ ë cuèi (dïng cho thêi gian vµ ®Þa ®iÃ"m).

 At + tªn c¸c ngµy lÃ" : at Christmas, at Thanks Giving...

Nh­ng on + tªn c¸c ngµy lÃ" + day = on Christmas day ...

Trong d¹ng informal E., on tr­íc c¸c thø trong tuÇn ®«i khi bÞ l­îc bá: She is going to see her boss (on) Sun. morning.

At/in/on th­êng ®­îc kh«ng dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian khi cã mÆt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all

 At + ®Þa ®iÃ"m : at the center of the building

 At + nh÷ng ®Þa ®iÃ"m lín (khi xem nã nh­ mét n¬i trung chuyÃ"n hoÆc gÆp gì): The plane stopped 1 hour at Washington D.C. before continuing on to Atlanta.

 At + tªn c¸c toµ nhµ lín (khi xem nh­ 1 hµnh ®éng sà x¶y ra ë ®ã chø kh«ng ®Ã' cËp ®Õn toµ nhµ) : There is a good movie at the Center Theater.

 At + tªn riªng c¸c tæ chøc: She works at Legal & General Insurence.

 At + tªn riªng n¬i c¸c tr­êng së hoÆc khu vùc ®¹i häc: She is studying at the London school of Economics.

 At + tªn c¸c ho¹t ®éng qui tÃ' thµnh nhãm: at a party/ lecture...

8. Mét sè c¸c thµnh ng÷ dïng víi giíi tõ

• On the beach: trªn bê biÃ"n

• Along the beach: däc theo bê biÃ"n

• In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay vÃ-.

• For the most part: chÃnh lµ, chñ yÕu lµ = mainly.

• In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = víi hi väng lµ.

• off and on: dai d¼ng, t¸i håi

• all of a sudden= suddenly = bçng nhiªn

• for good = forever: vÃœnh viÃ"n, m•i m•i.

Ng÷ ®éng tõ

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ kÕt hîp víi 1, 2 hoÆc ®«i khi 3 giíi tõ, khi kÕt hîp ë d¹ng nh­ vËy ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng thay ®æi h¼n so víi nghÜa ban ®Çu.

• To break off: chÊm døt, c¾t ®øt, ®o¹n tuyÃ-t.

• To bring up: nªu ra, ®­a lªn mét vÊn ®Ã'

• To call on: yªu cÇu

®Õn th¨m

• To care for: thÃch

tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc (look after)

• To check out (of/from) a library: m­în s¸ch ë th­ viÃ-n vÃ'

• To check out: ®iÃ'u tra, xem xÃt.

• To check out (of): lµm thñ tÃ'c ®Ã" ra (kh¸ch s¹n, s©n bay) <> check in.

• To check (up) on: ®iÃ'u tra, xem xÃt.

• To close in (on): tiÕn l¹i gÇn, ch¹y l¹i gÇn

• To come along with: ®i cïng víi

• To count on = depend on = rely on

• To come down with: m¾c ph¶i mét c¨n bÃ-nh

• Do away with = get rid of: tèng khø, lo¹i bá, trõ khö

• To daw up = to draft: so¹n th¶o (mét kÕ ho¹ch, mét hîp ®ång)

• To drop out of = to withdraw from: bá (®Æc biÃ-t lµ bá häc gi÷a chõng)

• To figure out: HÃ-nh dung ra ®­îc, hiÃ"u ®­îc.

• To find out: kh¸m ph¸ ra, ph¸t hiÃ-n ra.

• To get by: LÇn håi qua ngµy, sèng sãt qua ®­îc

• To get through with: kÕt thóc

• To get through to: th«ng tin ®­îc cho ai, gäi ®­îc cho (®iÃ-n tho¹i), tÃ-m c¸ch lµm cho hiÃ"u

• To get up: dËy/ tæ chøc.

• To give up: bá, tõ bá

• To go along with: ®ång ý víi

• To hold on to: vÉn gi÷ v÷ng, duy trÃ-

• To hold up: c­íp

vÉn gi÷ v÷ng, vÉn duy trÃ-, vÉn sèng bÃ-nh th­êng, vÉn dïng ®­îc (bÊt chÊp søc Ãp bªn ngoµi hoÆc sö dÃ'ng l©u)

• To keep on doing smt: vÉn tiÕp tÃ'c kh«ng ngõng lµm gÃ-

• To look after: tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc

• To look into: ®iÃ'u tra, xem xÃt

• To pass out = to faint: ngÊt (néi ®éng tõ, kh«ng dïng bÞ ®éng)

• To pick out: chän ra, lùa ra, nhÆt ra

• To point out: chØ ra, v¹ch ra

• To put off: trÃ- ho•n, ®Ã-nh ho•n

• To run across: kh¸m ph¸, ph¸t hiÃ-n ra (tÃ-nh cê)

• To run into sb: gÆp ai bÊt ngê

• To see about to: lo l¾ng, s¨n sãc, ch¹y v¹y

• To take off: cÊt c¸nh <> to land

• To take over for: thay thÕ cho

• to talk over: bµn so¹n, th¶o luËn vÃ'

• to try out: thö nghiÃ-m, dïng thö (s¶n phÈm)

• to try out for: thö vai, thö giäng (1 vë kÞch, buæi biÃ"u diÃ"n)

• To turn in: giao nép, ®Ã- trÃ-nh

®i ngñ

• To watch out for: c¶nh gi¸c, ®Ã" m¾t, tr«ng chõng (c¶ nghÃœa ®en lÉn nghÃœa bãng)

Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÃ-n bµi ®äc

 Kh«ng bao giê ®­îc ®äc vµo bµi ®äc ngay, cÇn ®äc vµ hiÃ"u c©u hái cÆn kÃ.

 §äc vµ tÃ-m chñ ®Ã' (chñ ®Ã' cña c¸c bµi ®äc trong TOEFL 90% n»m ë c©u ®Çu, 5% n»m ë c©u cuèi, 5% cßn l¹i rót ra tõ toµn bµi)

 TÃ-m c¸ch ph©n ®o¹n (nÕu cã) vµ tÃ-m néi dung cña tõng ®o¹n

 Tr¶ lêi c©u hái, c©u hái trong TOEFL ®­îc ph©n thµnh mét sè lo¹i nh­ sau:

ï¶ C©u hái x¸c ®Þnh l¹i (Restatement question) -> lo¹i c©u hái dÃ".

ï¶ C©u hái phñ ®Þnh (Negative question) -> dïng biÃ-n ph¸p lo¹i trõ

ï¶ C©u hái suy luËn (inference question) -> khã nhÊt

ï¶ C©u hái ®Ã' cËp (reference question)

ï¶ C©u hái tõ vùng (Vocabulary question)

ï¶ C©u hái suy ®o¸n chñ ®Ã' kh¶ dÃœ cña ®o¹n ®äc (tr­íc hoÆc sau ®o¹n ®äc ®• cho) -> dùa vµo c©u ®Çu hoÆc c©u cuèi cña bµi ®äc (Previous/ Following Topic question).