READING

❖ Before You Read

Work in pairs. Ask and answer the following questions. (Làm việc từng đôi. Hỏi và trả lời câu hỏi sau)

1. What does ASEAN stan for?

It stands for Association of South East Asian Nations.

2. When did Vietnam join association?

Vietnam joined this association in 1995.

❖ While You Read

Read I he passage and do the tasks that follow. ( Đọc đoạn văn và làm bài tập kèm theo)

Hiệp Hội các quốc gia Đông Nam Ả. hay ASEAN được thành lập ngày 8 tháng 8, 1967, ở Bangok, Thái Lan bởi năm nước thành viên đầu tiên, đó là : Indonesia, Malaysia, Singgapo, Philippin và Thái Lan. Brunei gia nhập ASEAN năm 1984. Việt Nam trở thành thành viên thứ bảy năm 1995. Lào và Myanmar được nhận vao hiệp hội này năm 1997, Campuchia năm 1999. Mục tiêu chính cảu Hiệp hội này là đẩy mạnh phát triển kinh tế, tiến bộ xã hội và phát triển văn hóa; và thăng tiến hòa bình và sự bền vững qua sự tôn trọng công bằng, và quy tắc luật pháp trong mối quan hệ giũa cá quốc gia trong vùng.

ASEAN có dân số là 575,5 triệu người chiếm khoảng 8,7% dân số thế giới. Tổng diện tích là 4454322 cây số vuông. Nó là mọt vùng văn hóa đang dạng, và ở một vài quốc gia như philippin, brunei, Malaysia, Singgapo nói tiếng Anh ngoài ngôn ngữ của họ. Theo số thống kê năm 2007, ASEAN có GDP hỗn hợp khoảng 1.282 tỉ đô la Mĩ. Con số GDP hỗn hợp này tăng với tỉ lệ trung bình khoảng 6% mỗi năm từ 2003 đến 2007. Nền kinh tế các nước thành viên rất đa dạng mặc dù những sản phẩm chính bao gồm hàng điện tử, dầu và gỗ. CHính phủ của ASEAN đặc biệt chú ý đến thương mại. Năm 2006, vung ASEAN đã đạt tổng số thương mại là 1.405 tỉ đô la Mĩ. Người ta ước tính rang khu mậu dịch tự do sẽ được thiết lập trong vùng trước năm 2020. Các nhà lãnh dạo ASEAN cũng đã chấp thuận Tầm Nhìn ASEAN nhằm thành lập sự hội nhập kinh tế chặt chẽ hơn trong vùng. Kế Hoạch Hành Động Hà Nội, được chấp thuận năm 1998, dùng như hành động đầu tiên cửa một loạt hành động được hoạch định dẫn đến sự thực hiện Tầm Nhìn ASEAN.

Ngày nay, sự hợp tác kinh tế của ASEAN bao gồm nhiều lãnh vực : thương mại, đầu tư. công nghiệp, dịch vụ, tài chính, nông nghiệp, phát triển nông thôn, lâm nghiệp, năng lượng, vận tải và giao thông, khoa học và kĩ thuật, doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa, và du lịch. ASEAN đã hoạt động tích cực đề cải tiến tình hình kinh tế xã hội và giải quyết các khó khăn giữa các quốc gia thành viên.

Task 1: The words in the box all appear in the passage. Fill in cach blank with a suitable word. ( Tất cả những từ trong khung xuất hiện ở đoạn văn. Điền mỗi chỗ trống với từ thích hợp)

1. They are demanding equal rights and .................

2.................... is the total value of goods and services produced by a country- in one year.

3. Her interests are very..................

4. He talked about the...................of black children into the school system in the southern states of America.

5. At present, Vietnam is trying its best to................the rate of economic growth.

6. The road is bordered by shopping centres, restaurants and other commercial.............

1. justice 2. GDP 3. diverse

4. integration 5. accelerate 6. enterprises

Task 2: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (Quyết định những câu sau đúng (T) hay sai (F))

1. ASEAN was founded in 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand.

2. The ASEAN region has a total area of 4.5 million sq. kilometres, with a population of 575.5 billion.

3. It had a combined GDP of uss 1282 billion, with a growth rate of around 6% per year from 2000 to 2004.

4. The objective of the ASEAN Vision 2020 is to create economic integration among the member countries.

5. The ASEAN Vision 2020 was adopted in 1998.

6. ASEAN has actively contributed to improving the socio¬economic situations and solving the problems in the world.

1. T 2. F 3. F 4.T 5. F 6.F

Task 3: Answer the following questions. (Trả lời các câu hỏi sau.)

1. Which countries founded ASEAN?

2. What are the two main goals of the Association?

3. What was the total trade value of ASEAN in 2006?

4. When was the Hanoi Plan of Action adopted?

5. What sectors does ASEAN economic cooperation include?

Answer:

1. Five original countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, founded ASEAN.

2. The two main goals of the Association arc lo a federate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development and to promote peace and stability through respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in ihc region.

3. It was US$ 1405 billion .

4. It was adopted in 1998.

5. It includes many areas: trade, investment, industry, services, finance, agriculture, rural development, forestry, energy, transportation and communication, science and technology, small and medium enterprises, and tourism.

❖ After You Read

Work ill groups. Summarize the passage, based on the years: 1967, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2007, 2020.

(Possible answer)

A. In 1967, ASEAN was founded in Bangkok. Thailand, by the live original countries.

B. In 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member of the Association.

C. Laos and Myanmar were admitted to ASEAN in 1997.

D. In 1999, Cambodia joined this Association.

A. In 1998, the Ha Noi Plan of Action was adopted, which aimed lo lead up to the realization of the ASEAN Vision.

B. According to the statistics in 2007, ASEAN had a combined GDP of about US $ 1.282 billion.

D. By 2020 a free trade area will have been established in the recion of ASEAN

 SPEAKING

Task 1: Work in pairs. Discuss and write down the name of the country and its capital under each national flag. Làm việc từng đôi. Thảo luận và viết tên của quốc gia và thủ đô dưới mỗi quốc kì.)

1. Country : Malaysia Capital: Kuala Lumpur

2. Country : The Philippines Capital : Manila

3. Country : Laos Capital: Vientiane

4. Country : Singapore Capital: Singapore

5. Country: Indonesia Capital: Jakarta

6. Country : Thailand Capital: Bangkok

7. Country : Myannmar Capital: Rangoon

8. Country : Cambodia Capital: Phnom Penh

9. Country : Brunei Capital: Banda Seri Begawan

Task 2. Work in groups. Discuss and use the information in Task 1 and the facts below to talk about some of the ASEAN countries. (Làm việc từng nhóm. Thảo luận và dùng thông tin ở Task 1 và những sự kiện dưới đây để nói về một vài nước của ASEAN.)

Malaysia

Area: 330,252 sq. km.

Population: 27,174,000

Official langnage(s): Moiav, English, Tamil

Religion is): Islam, Buddhism Currency: Ringgit (Malaysian dollar)

Philippines

Area: 300,000 sq. km.

Population: 88,875,000

Official language(s): Filipino, English

Religion(s): Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic)

Currency: Peso

Thailand

Area: 513,120 sq. km.

Population: 65,694,000

Official language(s): Thai

Religion(s): Buddhism

Currency: Baht

Singapore

Area: 704 sq. km.

Population: 4.589,000

Official language(s): Chinese, English, Malay, Tamil

Religion(s): Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Christianity

Currency: Singapore dollar

1. Malaysia has a total area of 329 758 square kilometres. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. It has a population of 24 014 200 people. The official languages used in Malaysia are Malay, English and Tamil. The main religions in Malaysia are Islam and Buddhism, and its currency unit is Ringgit.

2. Thailand has a total area of 514 000 square kilometres. Its capital is Bangkok. It has a population of 64 420 000 people. The official language spoken in Thailand is Thai. Buddhism is its national religion. Baht is the local curreiicy unit.

3. The Philippines are an archipelago of 7 000 islands lying off the southeast of Asia. It has a total area of 300 000 square kilometres, lis capital is Manila. It has a population of 91 077 287 people. The main languages spoken in the Philippines are Filipino and English. The main religion in the Philippines is Roman Catholics. The monetary unit of the Philippines is Peso.

LISTENING

❖ Before You Listen

Work ill pairs. Ask and answer the following questions; Which ASEAN countries use English as a second language? (làm việc từng đôi. Hỏi và trả lời câu hỏi "những quốc gia nào của ASEAN dùng tiếng Anh như ngôn ngữ thứ hai?"

A. Which countries ASEAN use English as a second language?

B. Some countries of ASEAN, which use English as a second language, are the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei.

❖ While You Listen

Task 1: Listen to the dialogue between Mr Hung and his daughter Nga, and choose the best answer A, B, or C to complete each of the following sentences. (Nghe cuộc đối thoại giữa ông Hưng và con gái Nga, và chon câu trả lời đúng nhất A, B hay C để điền vào câu sau)

1. Nga asked her father about .

A. the English language spoken in the us

B. people who speak English in the UK

C. the number of people who speak English in the ASEAN countries

2. The ASEAN countries include...................

A. about a quarter of a billion Muslims

B. 25 million Muslims

C. half a billion Muslims

3. Muslims mostly live in..................

A. the Philippines

B. Indonesia and Myanmar

C. Indonesia and Malaysia

4. The main religion in Vietnam is .

A. Buddhism

B. Islam

C. Catholicism

5. Mr. Hung thought that.....................

A. he himself would wake up late the next morning

B. Nga would get up late the next morning

C. both of them would wake up late the next morning

1 .C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B

❖ Tapescript

Mr Hung : What are you doing? it's so late. Why don't you go to bed?

Nga: I'm trying to finish my essay about the culture and religion of the ASEAN countries. I'll have to submit it to my teacher tomorrow. May I ask you something. Dad?

Mr Hung: Yes? What's that?

Nga: Do you know how many people in the Southeast Asia speak English?

Mr Hung: I'm not sure. But the ASEAN countries have the third largest number of English speakers - just alter the US and UK.

Nga: Really? Exactly how many people speak English?

Mr Hung : Around 50 million, I think... mostly in the Philippines.

Nga : Do you know anything about religions?

Mr Hung: The ASEAN countries include three main religions. They are Islam, Buddhism and Catholicism.

Nga : What is Islam?

Mr Hung: A religion based on a belief in one god and the teaching of Muhammad. It's the religion of the Muslims.

Nga : Can you tell me something more about the Muslims?

Mr Hung. It's an interesting question. The ASEAN countries have more Muslims than any other geo-political entity.

Nga: But how many Muslims. Dad?

Mr Hung: Oh, let me try to remember... about a quarter of a billion, mostly in Indonesia and Malaysia

Nga : And what about the other religions?

Mr Hung : Other main religions of the various countries in the region include large numbers of Buddhists, and the Catholics in the Philippines.

Nga: What is the main religion in Vietnam?

Mr Hung: It's Buddhism. Many people go to pagoda.

Nga : Well, and now I think I've got all the information I need for my essay. Thank you very much, Dad.

Mr Hung : That's all right. Finish your writing and go to bed. I'm afraid you'll get up late tomorrow morning.

Task 2: Answer the following questions. (Trả lời các câu hỏi sau.)

1. When will Nga have to submit the essay to her teacher?

2. What country has the largest number of English speakers?

3. How many people speak English in the ASEAN region?

4. In what country in the region is English mostly spoken?

5. How many main religions exist in the ASEAN countries and what are they?

Answer:

1. She has to submit it to her teacher tomorrow morning.

2. The US.

3. It's around 50 million.

4. It's Ihe Philippines.

5. There are three, and they are Islam. Buddhism and Catholicism.

❖ After You Listen

Work ill groups. In your opinion, what do you think Nga's essay will be about?

A : What do you think Nga's essay will be about?

B : About the language and religions in the ASEAN countries

C: What religions does she want to know?

D : The main religions in the area are Islam, Buddhism and Catholicism.

A : Does she ask whether English is spoken in the ASEAN countries?

B : Yes. And her father let her know that the ASEAN countries ranks the third where English is spoken.

C : Really? How interesting!

WRITING

Task 1: Complete the letter of recommendation with the missing sentences in the box. (Điền lá thư giới thiệu với những câu thiếu trong khung.)

I'm sure you will have a wonderful time here in Ha Long Bay.

I would like to recommend a well-known place in Vietnam to you. The beach is an ideal place for swimmers.

People here are very friendlv and hospitable.

It is about 170 km from Hanoi

1. I would like to recommend a well-known place in Vietnam to you.

2. It is about 170 kilometres from Hanoi.

3. The beach is an ideal place for swimmers.

4. People here are very friendly and hospitable.

5. I'm sure you will have a wonderful time here in Ha Long Bay.

Task 2 : David, your pen pal, is going to spend his summer holiday in one of the ASEAN countries. You want him to visit Vietnam. Write a letter to him recommending a significant place you are familiar with. Use the outline below. (David, một bạn tâm thư của em, định trải qua kì nghỉ hè của anh ở một trong những quốc gia ASEAN. Em muốn anh ấy thăm Việt Nam. Viết lá thư giới thiệu một nơi thú vị em quen. Dùng dàn bài bên dưới.)

• Date

• Salutation

• Body:

- location

- natural features

- entertainment

- places to visit

- food

- people

• Closing

• Signature

20 Le Lai Street

District 1, HCM City, Vietnam

June 20th, 201..............

Dear David,

I'm glad to hear that you've decided to spend your summer holiday in one of the ASEAN countries. So, I'd like to recommend you a wonderful place in Vietnam to you. It's Hue, our ancient capital in the Central.

Hue was the capital of Vietnam during the Nguyen Dynasty and is one of the cultural cores or our country. The city lies on both sides of the Huong River (the Perfume River). In this ancient city can you find the palaces, pagodas and houses built on the same principles as the Forbidden Palace in Peking. Hue is also famous for its royal tombs, the tombs of the former emperors. It has been said these tombs are Hue 's most spectacular tourist attractions. And another fantastic attraction to tourists is the boat trip on the Huong River, especially on the moonlit nights. You can spend and enjoy the quiet and peace of the night time on the boat listening to the poetic songs of Hue's singers. Besides these, you can also enjoy the quiet and poetic atmosphere of the garden houses of ancient architecture. Coming to Hue, you should not ignore to enjoy Hue's specialties such "hen" rice, banh xeo (rice pancake with shrimps and herbs).

People in this old royal capital are said to be friendly and hospitable

I think you should come and visit it. I'm looking forward to hearing from you, and don't forget to send my regards to your parents.

Best wishes,

Tam Le Minh

LANGUAGE FOCUS

- Intonation : The rising-failing tune

- Grammar: Adverbial clauses of time

Grammar

Exercise 1: Complete each of the following sentences, using a suitable adverbial clause of time in the box. Use each clause once only. (Điền mỗi câu sau dùng mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian thích hợp trong khung. Dùng mỗi mệnh đề chỉ một lần.)

while they were on holiday as long as imperialism exists

whenever we are in Hanoi after the war was over

before you leave as he walked away

when I see Mary tomorrow till you get back

as soon as she arrives in Ho Chi Minh City

1. She'll phone you...............................

2....................we started rebuilding the country.

3. They met a lot of people...........................

4. ................don't forget to turn off the lights.

5. I'll stay..............................

6. We'll come to see you ....................

7. There is a danger of war...................

8. Tom sang a merry song ...............................

1. She'll phone you as soon as she arrives in Ho Chi Minh City.

2. After the war was over, we started rebuilding the country.

3. They met a lot of people while they were on holiday.

4. Before you leave, don't forget to turn off the lights.

5. I'll stay till you get back.

6. We'll come to see you whenever we are in Hanoi.

7. There is a ganger of war as long as imperialism exists.

8. Tom sang a merry song as he walked away.

Exercise 2: Supply the correct tence form of the verbs inbrackets. (Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc .)

1. When he (arrive), he will tell us about the match.

2. Before the head teacher (arrive), I'll give the guests their tea.

3. Peter and John are goine to play tennis tonight. While they (play), we'll go to the beach.

4. Since they (get) married, they have moved the house twice.

5. As soon as I (finish), I'll give you a call.

6. After he (graduate) from university, he joined the army.

7. Can you look after the children while I (be) out?

8. When I (read) this novel, you can have it.

1. arrives 5. have finished

2. arrives 6. had uraduated

3. are playing 7. am

4. am 8. have read

Exercise 3: Combine two sentences, using one as an adverbial clause of time with the given conjunction. (Kết hợp hai câu, dùng một câu như mệnh đề chỉ thời gian với lien từ được cho.)

1. It's going to start rainins. Let's go out before that.

Let's..................before......................

2. I'll find somewhere to live. Then I'll aive you my address.

I..................when......................

3. He had done his homework. Then he went to bed.

After he................,......................

4. We'll make our decision. Then we'll let you know.

...................as soon as........................

5. I left school (3 years ago). I haven't met them since then.

I...............Since....................

6. Robert was doing the examination. He suddenly began to feel ill during the examination.

Robert 7 ..........................while.........................

7. Kate is going to finish the last semester. Then she'll come back home.

............................. after.............................

1. Let's go out before it starts raining / to rain .

2. I'll give you my address when I have found somewhere to live.

3. After he had done his homework, he went to bed.

4. We'll let you know as soon as we have made our decision.

5. I haven't met them since I left school.

6. Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the examination.

7. Kate will come back home after she has finished the last semester.

TEST YOURSELF F

I. LISTENING

Listen and fill in the blanks with the information you hear. (Nghe và điền chỗ trống với thông tin em nghe.)

UNESCO stands for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was established on (1).................to encourage collaboration among nations in the areas of education, science, culture, and communication. UNESCO had (2).....................member nations as of 2007. The agency has its headquarters in Paris, France, and operates educational, scientific, and cultural programs and exchanges from (3) ................field offices worldwide. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include international science programs; literacy, technical, and (4)............programs; regional and cultural history projects; and international cooperation agreements to secure the world's cultural and natural (5)..................and to preserve human rights.

* Tapescript

UNESCO stands for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was established on the 16lh of November, 1945 to encourage collabiration among nations in the areas of education, science, culture and communication. UNESCO had 193 member nations as of 2007. The agency has its headquarters in Paris, France, and operates educational, scientific, and cultural programs and exchanges from 60 field offices worldwide. Projects sponsored by UNESCO inciude international science programs, literacy, technical, and teacher- training programs; regional and cultural history projects; and international co-operation agreements to secure the world's cultural and natural heritage and to preserve human rights.

1. November 16th, 1945 2. 193

3.60 4. teacher-training 5. heritage

II. READING

Read the text then answer the questions that follow. (Đọc đoạn văn và trả lời câu kèm theo.)

Ngày nay càng ngày càng nhiều phụ nữ tham gia vào lực lượng lao động được trả lương trên khắp thế giới. Họ đại diện cho đa số lực lượng lao động ở nhiều thành phần. Ngay ở những quốc gia có tỉ lệ công nhân nữ được trả lương thấp như các quốc gia Ả rập, số phụ nữ có việc làm đang tăng. Ở Đông Nam Á, phụ nữ đại diện cho 80 phần trăm lực lượng lao động ở những phần lao động cao như dệt, đồ chơi, giày và điện tử. Ở châu Mĩ la-tin và vùng Ca-ri-bê, phụ nữ chiếm 70 phần trăm cảu lực lượng lao động ở công nghiệp dịch vụ.

Chắc chắn việc làm trả lương đã mang lại nhiều lợi ích kinh tế và xã hội cho nhiều phụ nữ. Trong quá khứ, họ thường bị loại trừ khỏi việc làm trả lương và vì thế lệ thuộc về kinh tế vào chồng hoặc cha của họ. Ngày nay phụ nữ có một tri thức tốt hơn và có thể tự thăng tiến dễ dàng hơn xưa nhiều. Con đường tiến lên giáo dục và sự thay đổi địa vị kinh tế đã cho phụ nữ nhiều tự do hơn. Có nhiều phụ nữ nổi tiếng ở nhiều lĩnh vực trước đây chỉ dành cho đàn ông và một vài phụ nữ đã trở thành cả thủ tướng.

1. Which countries, according to the passage, have low levels of female paid workers?

In Arab countries

2. In which sectors do you find the majority of working women in Southeast Asia?

In textile, toy, shoe and electronic sectors.

3. What is the percentage of women who work in the service sector in Latin America and the Caribbean?

It's 70%.

4. On whom did women depend economically in the past?

They depended on their husbands or fathers.

5. According to the passage, what are the two factors that give women more freedom nowadays?

They are the access to education and the change in economic status.

III. GRAMMAR

Use the following phrasal verbs lo complete the sentences below. (Dùng động từ kép sau để hoàn chỉnh những câu dưới đây.)

catch up cool off fall behind give in grow up

keep up speak up stay on wait up watch out

1. He still behaves like a child. I wish he'd grow up.

2. Come to the party on Friday and.............for the weekend.

3. I won't be back until late. Will you ...........for me?

4. He was exhausted but he still kept going. He just wouldn't.......

5. Please don't so so fast. I just can't.................

6. Could you..................a bit? I can hardly hear you.

7. ...................! Oh dear. Didn't you see that car coming?

8. You look hot and sticky. Come and sit in the shade and...........

9. You go on ahead and I'll.......................

10. Wait for me. I don't want to........................

1. grow up 2. slay on

3. wait up 4. give in

5. catch up 6. speak up

6. watch out 8. cool off

9. keep up 10. fall behind

IV. WRITING

In about 120 words, write about the change in women's role in the family in comparison with 50 years ago.

The following cues might be useful to you.

• Education • Economic dependence

• Social activities • Number of children

• Work • Domestic chores

(Trong khoảng 120 từ, viết về sự thay đối vai trò của phụ nữ trong gia đình so sánh với vai trò của họ cách đây 50 năm.)

In recent years women's role has changed dramatically in comparison with that 50 years ago. The changes are explicitly seen in many sectors .

Firstly, in education, women nowadays are well educated, that is they can enjoy the benefits of education in every level. Women are not confined in the walls of the family with childbearing or childrearing. They participate in almost every area of public life. Many women have gained the high ranks in social or governmental sector. As a result of this women no longer depend economically on their husbands or families.

In addition, they do not worry about the number of children thanks to new thoughts on lifestyle. At present people no more see a family of very many children, six or more. And domestic chores are not a burden for women because they are done by machine. Consequently women at present can promote themselves in social life much more easily

GRAMMAR

ADVERB CLAUSES of TIME

(Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian)

A. Liên từ (Conjunctions) Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian thường được giới thiệu hởi những liên từ như : when, before, after, us. while, since, until, as soon as, every time (that), the moment (that), the minute (that), as /so long as (bao lâu), just us, just after,...

B. Dạng động từ ở mệnh để thời gian (Verb forms of Time clauses).

1. Thì Tương lai (Future tenses) không được dùng ở mệnh đề chỉ thời gian ở tương lai.

a. Thì Tương lai đơn (Simple future): được thay bằng Thì Hiện lại đơn (Simple present).

e.g.: He'll come back . I'll wait here. (Anh ấy sẽ trở lại. Tôi sẽ chờ ở đây.)

=> I'll wail here until he comes hack.

b. Thì Hiện tại điều kiện (Present conditional lease) được thay bằng thì Quá khứ đơn (Simple past).

e.g.: We knew lie would arrive. Nothing could be done then.

(Chúng tôi biết anh ấy sẽ đến. Không gì được làm cho đến lúc đó.)

=> We knew nothing could be done until lie arrived.

c. Thì tương lai hoàn thành (Simple future perfect) được thay bằng thì Hiện tại hoàn thành (the Simple present period).

e.g.: He will go home. He will have closed the shop before then.

(Anh ấy sẽ về nhà. Anh ấy sẽ đóng cửa tiệm trước đó.)

=> He will go home after lie has closed the shopễ

2. Những từ : AFTER, BEFORE, WHEN, SINCE có thể được theo sau bởi danh động từ (gerund).

e.g.: After doing exercise, he usually has a hot hath.

(Sau khi tập thể dục. Ông ấy thường tắm nước nóng.)

3. Phân từ - Hiện tại hay Quá khứ - có thể dùng sau những liên từ : WHEN. UNTIL. WHILE, ONCE....

e.g.: Please wail until told to do. (Vui lòng chờ đến khi được bảo làm.)

=> Please wait until you are told to do.

Take care when crossing tile streets, (Hãy cẩn thận khi bang qua đường phố.)

=> Take care when you are Grossing the streets.

4. WHILE - AS: chỉ sự kiện diễn biến trong một khoảng thời gian ngắn. và thường đi với Thì Tiếp diễn(Continuous tenses).

e.g.: As we w ere walking through the wood, we saw a fox.

(Trong khi đi ngang qua khu rừng, chúng tôi thấy một con chồn)

5. Để nhấn mạnh sự kiện xảy ra ngay sau sự kiện khác, chúng ta dùng JLUST /AFTER/AS, IMMEDIATELY. THE MINUTE (that), the MOMENT (that), ..

e.g.: Just as / after you get the lettcrjel me know.

(cho tôi biết ngay khi bạn nhận được lá thư ) 6. SINCE + mệnh đề với động từ ở

a. Thì Quá khứ đơn, mệnh đề chính ở Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành (đơn / tiếp diễn).

e.g.: Since he was a child, he has done hard work.

(Từ khi còn là cậu bé. Nó đã làm công việc nặng nhọc.)

b. Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành (đơn/ tiếp diễn): nhấn mạnh sự kiện còn tiếp tục ở hiện lại.

e.g,: Since he has lived/ has been living in the city , he has been selling the lotterry. (Ông ấy bán vé số từ khi còn sống ở thành phố này.)